The Rudolf Steiner Archive

Berlin, August 27, 1904

Dear, dear Miss Scholl!

I would like to respond to your letter very quickly for the time being. ¹ If Mr. Keightley comes to Germany, we can only approach the matter as dispassionately as possible. Those who know Mrs. Besant are aware of her attitude in such a case. She lets things happen and trusts in the spiritual forces that are with her. And I do no differently. Diplomatic thinking must be quite foreign to us, who follow the masters, not human reasoning. Therefore, we do not ask “why” in such a case. Mrs. Besant wrote only once to Miss v. Sivers that she “expects to meet Mr. Keightley” in Hamburg. That is all. And I am not asking for anything else. But, dear Miss Scholl: it is necessary that we, Mrs. Besant's entourage, stand together firmly and closely in the near future. What we will do will arise in each individual case. I also ask you not to stay away from Miss Link's presence at the moment out of any considerations for K. Link absent during K's presence, but to act as you would have done regardless of him, and to regard his presence as nothing particularly remarkable.²

Please regard these lines as a matter of trust. They must be brief if they are to meet with you tomorrow morning. In the arrangements for the date etc., nothing is decisive except what has been agreed between you and Miss Sivers.

More tomorrow. I have to navigate these lines to board the Cologne train.

With warm regards,

Dr. Rudolf Steiner

• 1. On August 26, Mathilde Scholl had written about how concerned she was to learn from England that Keightley would accompany Annie Besant on her trip to Germany and translate her lectures; this also appears in Rudolf Steiner's letter to Marie von Sivers of August 27, 1904 (in GA 262). There was evidently a certain mistrust of Keightley, presumably because at that time, in his capacity as General Secretary of the English (formerly European) Section, he supported an effort to split off an independent southern German section from the German Section (as can be seen from his letter to Rudolf Steiner dated March 7, 1904).
• 2. According to the letter from Mathilde Scholl dated August 26, Miss Link was friends with Keightley and registered as a guest with her.

Berlin, August 29, 1904

Dearest Fräulein Scholl!

Your relationship with Annie Besant is absolutely the right one. All Theosophists should feel the same way about her. But we must remain calm even if we experience that others do not feel the same way about her. Maya is powerful, and many a person gets into a difficult situation precisely because they move from a sure feeling to an uncertain judgment. It is much less important that we resist what is wrong than that we ourselves serve what is right. I know that in the long run nothing can happen if we do the right thing in Annie Besant's name; but temporarily, many things may occur that may make the situation appear difficult. Annie Besant is the Messenger of the Masters.¹ She does not necessarily have to engage in diplomatic moves, nor can a true occultist. Dear Miss Scholl, you can believe me when I say that wherever there is diplomatic interference, there is no connection with the masters. I know that it is in Annie Besant's interest if we behave quite naturally when Keightley comes, as if we accept his presence as something quite natural. And inwardly we must do that too. Your unease is also justified. But we must remain calm even in the face of such unease. There is so much in Germany that is outwardly against us; but let us not disturb our positive forces by being too considerate of such opposition.

It is a law of occultism that those who are accepted into the esoteric current may initially face strong resistance. It may be part of their testing to remain upright in the face of such opposition. Those who become occultists must soon absolve things that might otherwise have taken several lifetimes to encounter. If he follows his direct insight, he will also progress. He must only have all the courage for his insight. Such whole courage is a strong touchstone. He who, like you, is unshakably attached to a person like Annie Besant, has gained much. It is precisely through this relationship that you will make the most beautiful progress.

If there are people who do not stand by Annie Besant in this way, they will cause themselves the greatest harm. But many of those who err in this respect today will come to the right judgment again.

The occultist simply does not ask certain questions. For example, I do not even want to dwell on the fact that Keightley is coming to Germany. I heard from Miss v. Sivers that Annie Besant wrote the sentence: “I expect to meet Mr. Keightley in Hamburg”. And then Mrs. Lübke probably also wrote to Miss v. Sivers about it. Miss v. Sivers then also asked me how I felt about it. I told her: “not at all.”

If Annie Besant wants the translation of her lectures by Keightley, we will see. Personally, it would have seemed most appropriate to me if Frl. v. Sivers had translated everywhere.²

I am not yet able to send you the continuation of the last letter regarding “Light on the Path”. But I will certainly do so this week.³

Please give the Künstlers my warmest regards.

Yours,

Rudolf Steiner
Berlin W, Motzstrasse 17

• 1. See on page 347 the transcript for Edouard Schur from 1907.
• 2. Rudolf Steiner then took over the German presentation.
• 3. This further exegesis evidently did not take place.

Berlin, August 29, 1904

Dear Mr. Wagner:

When Miss Scholl recently asked whether the two speeches by Annie Besant related to the Christian question should be translated, I was unable to advise. Please do not take this, dear Mr. Wagner, as if I were opposed to the translation. I would even be pleased to see another book by Annie Besant appear in German. But the occultist must strictly distinguish between direct advice and what I have just characterized. If I may express myself trivially, I would like to “abstain” from voting on this question. But in this case I would very much like my opinion to be completely disregarded.¹

Do not misunderstand me, dear Mr. Wagner. I would like you to hear me judge; but I also always want to clearly indicate when my judgment should not be taken into account at all. Only when we, who are united in the esoteric school, face each other in this way is the full freedom that occultism demands guaranteed.

Next, I will send you the rules of the German E.S. There I will also write to you in more detail about the movement in favor of the Gospel of John.²

For the time being, I ask you to continue as before with your position in the E.S. for the next few weeks.

Your sister Amalie is an E.S. member. Your other sister will probably be one in a few days.

In No. 15 of “Lucifer-Gnosis” I present a detailed discussion of the “four great religions”. ³ I hope that this book will go a long way. It is likely to win many hearts.

At the beginning of September, there will probably be an E.S. meeting here again. It will probably be about telling the E.S. members about the nature of the “Masters” and the help they give to the E.S. workers. On September 12th I shall then hold a T.S. meeting to prepare for Annie Besant's visit. And then we want to make our way through Germany with our Soul. I look forward to this with great satisfaction. On September 25th I shall then speak in Dresden on 'Theosophy and Modern Science'. — I know that this step will be much misunderstood. But I have no other option than to take it. It may be misunderstood, but it cannot have an unfavorable effect in the higher sense.⁴

I was very pleased that you, dear Mr. Wagner, were able to visit us in July. I hope you and your dear wife have arrived safely in Lugano. Please give her my warmest regards and receive

Most devotedly yours,

Rudolf Steiner
Berlin W, Motzstrasse 17

• 1. As can be seen from two letters from Günther Wagner to Rudolf Steiner dated September 1 and 2, 1904, there were plans to translate the English brochure “Is Theosophy anti-Christian?” by Annie Besant into German and distribute it among the clergy in Germany. Evidently Rudolf Steiner was not comfortable with this intention.
• 2. A letter about this is not available. In July 1904, in lectures given at the Berlin branch – which Günther Wagner had listened to – Rudolf Steiner had indicated that “a movement” would be born out of the bosom of the Theosophical Society, which would bring “a true understanding of Christianity, not in the ordinary sense” (July 11, 1904). And on July 18, 1904, there was talk of a “John Society,” a “John Gospel Department,” whose task would be to make known to the widest circles the inexhaustible depths of the Gospel of John. Whoever knows what can be found and learned there may “join this Gospel of John department with all their heart.”
• 3. Four lectures by Annie Besant, delivered at the 21st annual meeting of the Theosophical Society in Adyar, translated into German by Günther Wagner, published by Max Altmann, Leipzig 1904. Rudolf Steiner's discussion can be found in GA No. 34, “Lucifer-Gnosis”.
• 4. On September 25, 1904, Rudolf Steiner spoke on this topic at the Third General Theosophical Congress in Dresden. This was organized by the Hartmann people who were not affiliated with Adyar.

Berlin, September 14, 1904

Dear Mr. Wagner!

It is undoubtedly true that Annie Besant's lecture “Is Theosophy Antichristian” could not be understood in the same way in Germany as in England, because in the last few decades the discussion of fundamental Christian questions in England has taken on a completely different character in the circles of theologians and those of their spiritually dependent preachers etc. than in England.

From our spiritual leaders, we constantly receive instructions to individualize with regard to the individual countries. As for our Christian propaganda in particular, it should not fly the flag of “Theosophy”. It should emanate from Theosophists, but should never say so directly. Christian mysticism, interpretation of Christian symbols, etc. should be pursued. It will certainly be our task to win preachers, even Catholic priests, for esoteric Christianity. It will then be up to them to let the esoteric flow into their teachings. We ourselves would only be opposed if we wanted to approach Christian circles directly.

In Germany, a debate about whether Theosophy is anti-Christian or not would only create new opposition to Theosophy. There is a great aversion to everything called Theosophy, especially among pastors. And it is growing rapidly. When Bresch translates the things, there is nothing we can do. Because he always makes a very specific opposition. For example, he has now objected to Annie Besant coming to Leipzig. There is nothing we can do about that; we have to let Bresch have his way. But it is up to us to do the right thing.

You see, dear Mr. Wagner, on the one hand we are to decidedly emphasize 'Theosophy and on the other hand, where this is not appropriate, we are to place the matter higher than the name and the form. We are being told: “Be Theosophists; how you are Theosophists, that you must determine yourselves.”

In my last letter I said I would “abstain from voting”. The reason for this expression was as follows. I have instructions to cultivate the Christian element, and in this particular case I could only interpret what was meant to me as meaning that the lecture should not be translated. But now my own intellectual work begins, and there I found exactly the same reason that you give. Now that you have stated it yourself, I can also say that it applies to me as well. Before that I could only say, “I cannot be in favor of it.” I am sure you will understand me. Tomorrow I will receive Mrs. Besant in Hamburg. On Friday she will be in Berlin.

Sincerely,

Dr. Rudolf Steiner

Kind regards to your esteemed wife.

On October 13, 1904, Günther Wagner wrote to Rudolf Steiner:

Today I am coming to ask you whether you would like to accept my dear wife into the E.S. For a long time she has been unsure as to whether she is worthy enough, but the wish to use this favorable opportunity to advance on her path through life has always come back, and so she has asked me to ask you for advice on whether to encourage her or (on the quiet) dissuade her. Even if outwardly she does not feel so compelled to speak out for our striving, I know that she is serious about mastering herself. I would therefore like to see her personally drawn into the inner movement. She has been a member of the T.S. for 5 or 6 years. We look forward to your kind reply.

With my best regards,

Günther Wagner

Rudolf Steiner replied:

Dear Mr. Wagner!

For the time being, I would just like to write to you in the railway carriage to say that I will answer your question in the affirmative in the very near future with regard to your dear wife. I am on a lecture tour, have given a series of lectures in Nuremberg, Regensburg and Munich, and am now going to Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Heidelberg, Cologne and Düsseldorf. Then to Leipzig, Hamburg. I will report to you on this and several other matters.

In Berlin, I am increasingly being relieved, and then - you will see - all correspondence will finally become regular.

In the meantime, warmest greetings to you and your dear wife.

Yours,

Dr. Rudolf Steiner

Berlin, January 2, 1905

My dear Mr. Wagner!

Enclosed, I am sending you the first E.S. letter to your dear wife. I ask you to tell her everything and to share with her what you think is right. It is in the nature of things that spouses who both belong to the E.S. support and carry each other.

I will send you the official rules for the four disciplines as soon as possible.

I will also write to you soon about the E.S. – Our E.S. members should first know the following:

"The German Theosophical movement is of particular importance. The Germans are the vanguard of the sixth sub-race and will become more and more aware of this mission of theirs. They should do so with all humility. They should immerse themselves in their own idealists.

That is the Master's voice. And in addition: ”Read your great idealists: J.G. Fichte, Jacob Böhme, but especially Angelus Silesius.” I call your special attention to J. G. Fichte's ‘The Destiny of Man.’ It is available in Reclam's Universal Library. It does not contain theosophical teachings; but by reading such works, we form our thought-forms in the sense of the esoteric, and the teachings of the masters thus become more alive to us.

Thank you for the translation of Besant's essay on mysticism. It is very welcome for one of the next “Lucifer” issues.¹

Tomorrow I am going to Stuttgart, then to Munich.

Kind regards

Rudolf Steiner

From January 6 to 9, my address is:
Munich, at the home of Countess Kalckreuth,
Dalbertstrasse 55.

• 1. It was not published in “Lucifer” after all.

Berlin, January 2, 1905

Dear Mrs. Wagner!

A few weeks ago I was only able to briefly inform you that your affiliation to the Esoteric School can be realized. One enters this school as a “shravaka”, which is literally “listener” or “pupil”.

Now it is my duty to speak to you about the nature and significance of the school. You know that behind the entire theosophical movement stand highly developed beings whom we call “masters” or “mahatmas”. These exalted Beings have already traversed the path which the rest of humanity still has to travel. They are now working as the great “Teachers of Wisdom and of the Harmony of Human Feelings”. They are already active today on the higher planes, to which the rest of humanity will organize themselves in the course of the next developmental periods, or “rounds”. On the physical plane they work through their authorized “messengers”, of whom H. P. Blavatsky was the first, that is, for the Theosophical movement. The Masters neither found an outer organization or society nor preside over one. The Theosophical Society was brought into being by its founders (H. P. Blavatsky, Olcott and others) in order to promote the work of the Masters on the physical plane, but these Masters themselves have never influenced the Society itself as such. In its nature and leadership it is the work of people purely on the physical plane.

The situation is different with regard to the “Esoteric School”. It was founded by the Masters themselves and is under the direction of the Masters. All the knowledge and power that flows into the Theosophical Society flows to it through this school. Its members undergo their probationary period and ultimately attain direct communion with the Sublime Ones themselves. How long this process takes depends entirely on the devotees themselves. At first, each person cannot do more than promote the work of the masters with loyal devotion.

The Masters appointed Mrs. H. P. Blavatsky as the first “Head of the School.” The present head is our dear, esteemed Annie Besant.

The Shrâvaka should come to a point where reincarnation and karma are not just theory but certainties of life, and furthermore, where he recognizes the great mission of H.P. Blavatsky through himself. Nothing is imposed on anyone in the school; only self-knowledge is encouraged. Now there are four ways to travel the path of the Shrävaka. You will receive further information about these four ways very soon. I would ask you to go through them carefully with your dear husband and to let me know which of the four ways you intend to choose.

You can already consider yourself part of the school if you begin a meditation exercise on the day determined by the star constellation. I will describe this to you for the time being. It will be modified later.

For the time being, this exercise would consist of the following:

1. Early in the morning, before starting any other daily work, preferably before breakfast, if this is at all compatible with other family and other duties, the following should happen:

I. One should be completely awake, inwardly calm and collected. No external impressions should gain access to our inner being. We should also suppress the memory of all everyday experiences. Once we have established complete “inner silence”, we enter into the elevation to our higher self.

This is done by intensely repeating the following formula to ourselves:

Brighter than the sun
Purer than the snow
Is the Self,
The Spirit in my heart.
That Self am I; I am that Self.

Allow about five minutes for this.

II. This is followed by silent, introspective meditation on a sentence from one of the inspired writings. For this part of the meditation, you should spend four weeks reflecting on the sentence: “Steadfastness stands higher than all success”.

This sentence was given to us by the masters to impress upon us that we should never allow ourselves to be distracted or discouraged by any failure in our actions. A hundred failures should not deter us from doing - for the hundred and first time - what we have recognized as being right.

III. Then, after II. has lasted five minutes, there follows a further five-minute prayer-like devotion to that which is the highest, the most divine in us. It is not a matter of regarding this or that as divine, but of directing all our thoughts, feelings and will to that which we have always regarded as divine. This may be called by different names by different people. It is not important whether we call that to which we give ourselves, God, Christ or the “Master”, but it is the devotion itself.

This completes the three-part morning meditation, which lasts fifteen minutes.

2. In the evening before going to sleep, every student has to look back on their life during the day. The important thing is not to let as many events of the day as possible pass before our soul, but to do so with the most important thing. We ask ourselves: What can we learn from what we have experienced or done? In this way we make our life a lesson. We relate to ourselves in such a way that we learn from each day for each day. - In this way we take the past with us into the future and prepare our immortality. Then we end the day with the thought of dear fellow human beings who need our good thoughts.

It does not matter if the student falls asleep during this evening exercise. Then he will fall asleep with a tendency to develop upwards. And that too is good. Only the morning meditation must be done from beginning to end in a fully alert state. I only ask that you do the evening review in reverse, that is, starting with the events of the evening and then going back to the morning.

You can start with the meditation on one of the days between January 6 and January 20. You cannot start after this day. If you are unable to start during this period, you will not be able to start again until between February 6 and February 18. I cannot tell you today why this is so. But a time will come when it will be quite obvious to you.

I do not need to tell you anything else for the time being, since you have long since organized your life as a theosophist. Wine or other alcoholic beverages prevent development.

When we carry out what I have indicated, the “Exalted Masters” find access to our soul. They can help us and under their blessed influence we grow in strength, knowledge and confidence in life. Our dear Annie Besant emphasizes again and again that the Esoteric School is the “heart of the Theosophical movement”. And so it is. Believe me on this, dearest, most revered Mrs. Wagner: in this school, it is much less about learning and intellectual work and much more about loyal devotion to the Theosophical ideals. Love for spiritual life and, as a result, genuine great love for humanity leads to where we are meant to come. The study is nothing more than a means to an end. We should pursue it as far as we can each. But it is the theosophical attitude that makes the genuine E.S. disciple.

And with that, I welcome you as one of us in the name of the holy masters, at whose feet I place what I can, and against whose will I never want to consciously do anything in my life. Blessed are they, the exalted.

With warmest regards,

Dr. Rudolf Steiner

Please do not hesitate to ask me anything you need to know about E.S. I will set aside time in the future to answer E.S. messages.

Berlin, May 24, 1905

My dear, esteemed Mr. Wagner!

I have been meaning to write to you and your dear wife for a long time; but now I really will do so shortly. This winter, I have been obliged to contribute what little I can to the consolidation of the German Theosophical movement. Since there is so much to be done, everyone has to suffer. Now I am in the process of finalizing a circular letter to the German Theosophical Society members that I have been preparing for a long time.

For today, just this: I am in complete agreement with your dear wife's participation in the Shrävaka exercises with our dear and revered Annie Besant.

With warmest regards,

Dr. Rudolf Steiner

Berlin, July 23, 1905

Dear Mr. Wagner!

I am deeply saddened by the tragedy that has befallen you and your dear wife, and it is only today that I am able to express this to you in a letter. My thoughts are often with you. We Theosophists must be able to accept difficult strokes of fate differently than we could before our Theosophical time. Although love and sympathy will never be diminished by the theosophical life, our understanding and strength to bear will grow. We have nothing to lose by theosophy, but we have so much to gain. We would lose if the feelings that are among the most beautiful in life could in the slightest fade. That is why I know what you feel, out of your noble and glorious love. But I also know you as a true, genuine theosophist and I know that the karmic connections are not a mere doctrine for you, but that you live in them. But I would like to exchange a few thoughts with you right now. It is so easy to see everything that fits into our karma as a chain link as a karmic debt. And that is by no means always the case. Just as karma is a truly all-encompassing law, it is also true that karmic events can be the very first to occur in our causal context. The events that affect us are not always compensations for the past; often they are the first items in our life account that will only be balanced in the future. Just as a merchant enters an item on the one side for the first time, so it is with the items in our karmic account book. These thoughts have been crossing my mind in recent weeks whenever I directed my thoughts to your dear home in Lugano, and these thoughts took on that character in my field of vision that shows that thoughts correspond to a reality. You understand me in writing this inner experience – for that is what it is – to you, dear Mr. Wagner. And perhaps you will also accept at your discretion what is a reality for me.

I long to be able to greet you both again. I hope it will be possible soon.

The London Congress festivities, which unfortunately you were unable to attend, are over.¹ It is in the nature of things that such festivities, even when organized by Theosophists, cannot go much beyond appearances. But I do think that those who wanted to could take away nourishment for their minds and hearts. Mrs. Besant, for example, gave lectures that were full of spiritual impulse. First, on the Thursday before the congress, about H.P.B.'s “pupilship” in view of some of the attacks that have recently been made on the great founder of the Theosophical movement. It seems to me, however, to be very important that this spiritually so highly developed woman Besant should so unreservedly point out again and again how H.P.B. was not a human being to her like any other outstanding person who has entered her life, but as she said – the “Bringer of Light” par excellence. She said that spots should not be denied, but that they are like sunspots, and these are only there where the sun is. I felt the inner experiences of my own life in recent times resonating. For I must say that the further I advance myself, the more I get to know the immense power that radiates from H.P.B., and the more I realize that I myself still have a lot to learn in order to even begin to understand the depths of H.P.B.'s work.

Then on Friday was the British Section Convention. Of interest to you is that Bertram Keightley resigned from the post of General Secretary, and that Miss Kate Spink has taken his place. Keightley will first go to India for four months, after which he wants to devote himself to a kind of theosophical movement that will be made possible for him by being relieved of the official duties of the secretary-general.

Furthermore, the opening of the “Art and Arts and Crafts Exhibition” of the congress was during this time. There were some remarkable things in addition to less significant ones. I would just like to mention a few symbolic pictures by a painter named Russell. He attempts to characterize inner soul processes through symbolic colors in the picture (stars, rays, etc., emanating from the figures, symbolic depictions of external natural objects, etc.). Now I can say that I could not see any real astral vision in the pictures, but I was satisfied with the attempt that a talented painter was making.

On Saturday morning, the actual congress was opened with a speech by Mrs. Besant. It was one of those sweeping overviews of the aims and objectives of the Theosophical movement that Mrs. Besant gives on such occasions. You will be interested to know that she mentioned the sculpture of an Italian sculptor, Ezechiel, a “Christ” of whom she said that it corresponds in some respects to the idea that she, as a Theosophist, has of the Christ individuality. You will also be interested to know that on this occasion, Mrs. Besant referred to Richard Wagner, in whose tones the secrets of the astral world could be heard. This was particularly noteworthy to me, because I had given four lectures to the Berlin Theosophists that spring on the spiritual content of Richard Wagner's work.²

Mrs. Besant's opening speech was followed by something extremely diverse. The delegates from all the European theosophical areas now gave their welcoming speeches in their own language. So one could hear short speeches in the following languages: Dutch, Swedish, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Finnish, Russian, Hungarian, Indian.

The previous evening, Mrs. Besant had given a large-scale, comprehensive speech to several thousand people at Queen's Hall about the “work of 'Theosophy in the world”. She pointed out the necessity of a spiritual deepening in our time, and the work that needs to be done in the most diverse areas of the world. Everything she said was of beautiful generosity and greatness.

On Saturday evening, the theater performance followed. In this regard, one must take into account the goodwill that prevailed. However, it became clear to me that evening in what way the idea of these congresses must be developed if they are to fully fulfill their purpose. Not on what the congress participants will enjoy here for themselves, but above all on the fact that they will find theosophical nourishment for their souls, which they can then take with them to their theosophical home for the benefit and good of those who cannot attend the meetings themselves. The congresses should be a center of spiritual life, from which currents can then go out into the world.

The departmental meetings followed. I am sending you a program under Kreuzband, from which you can at least see the titles of the extensive program that was presented. I would like to mention in particular Mrs. Besant's lecture on Sunday about occult methods of investigation. That was something quite magnificent. She explained in the most beautiful way what the requirements of occult research are in the West, and what precautions, etc., must be observed in such research.

On Monday morning I myself gave a short lecture on the “Occult Basis of Goethe's Work”.

I regret that I cannot write to you in greater detail; but before me lie the last works waiting to be published in Lucifer, numbers 24 and 25. And you can imagine how much work that is. It is necessary that I publish these esoteric matters that Lucifer has brought in recent times. But the responsibility weighs heavily on me. And I have to consider every line, every turn of phrase ten times over in order to reproduce as accurately as possible the spiritual content that is incumbent upon me, and yet which is transmitted to me in a completely different form and language.

Kindest regards to your dear wife.

Ever faithful yours,

Dr. Rudolf Steiner
Berlin W, Motzstrasse 17

• 1. On July 8, 9 and 10, 1905, the 2nd Congress of the Federation of European Sections of the Theosophical Society took place in London. On July 10, Rudolf Steiner spoke about “The Occult Foundations of Goethe's Work” in “Philosophy and Anthroposophy,” CW 35.
• 2. In Berlin on March 28, May 5, 12, and 19, 1905.

Berlin, June 17, 1905

Dear Miss Stryczek!

I will write to you in detail in the next few days about what you will need for the E.S. exercises in the near future. In the meantime, continue with what I indicated last time.

It was a great pleasure for me to be able to visit our good Dr. Hübbe-Schleiden again last Thursday.

Kind regards,

Dr. Rudolf Steiner

P. S. I am sending you the first pages for the German Shrâvakas.¹ For you, they only have the significance that you have everything that comes from here in its entirety. You already know all of this.²

• 1. See the first E.S. circular letter on page 145.
• 2. Paula Stryczek was a member of the E.S.T. in London before 1902.