Answers Provided by Anthroposophy
Concerning the World and Life
GA 108
16 December 1908, Nurnberg
Translated by D. S. Osmond
20. A Chapter of Occult History
Today we shall be concerned with a chapter of Anthroposophy which links on to many things we were able to study in the last Lecture-Course here but in a certain respect is quite independent.1The Apocalypse of St. John. 12 lectures. 17–30 June, 1908. Again today we shall be considering matters for those who are more advanced—I do not mean advanced in respect of intellect or knowledge, but in respect of the attitude of soul, the feelings, that are necessary for the assimilation of higher truths which so often seem paradoxical, weird and fantastic to the materialistic mind—truths which must be accepted, not as if they were everyday matters, but as something that is not only possible, but reality.
We shall turn our attention to a certain chapter of occult history. Everybody knows what external history means; everybody knows that history presents the successive happenings and facts of the outer physical world as far as they can be followed with the help of documents, original manuscripts and records, traditions, and so forth. But in Anthroposophy, by means of those spiritual records that are accessible to us, we go still farther back, even in this external history, to the time of the great Atlantean Flood. We observe the successive culture-epochs following it, but we go even farther back into the distant past, to times preceding this great Flood which has been preserved as tradition in the legends of different peoples. All this is history, investigated, it is true, by occult means, but in a certain sense it is still an external, physical—more or less physical—history of facts and events. But there is also an occult history, and you will understand what this means if you think of the following.
Before entering into the bodies of our present civilisation, all your souls lived in bodies of the old Indian, Persian, Egypto-Chaldean, Greco-Roman epochs, and so forth—leaving aside still earlier times. When, through birth, these souls entered into existence on the physical plane they saw and experienced what can be experienced on this plane. These souls beheld the creations of the old Indian culture, the great pyramids built by the Egyptians, the Greek temples, and so on. From this we can picture the flow of events through which man passes in the course of history on the outer physical plane during life between birth and death. The question may now be asked : What, then, is happening when, through the Gate of Death, the soul passes into its life between death and a new birth? The souls now incarnated passed through death in ancient India, ancient Persia, and so on. Have conditions in the life between death and rebirth always been the same through the ages? Is there anything comparable with ‘history’ in that life? Were the experiences different when souls passed through the Gate of Death in the times of ancient India or ancient Persia, and are they again different in our present age? Is there in that life anything like a successive course of happenings? When we speak of the experiences of the periods spent in Kama-Loca and in Devachan until the time of a new incarnation, we describe them as they are today. Many people may imagine that these experiences are similar in all epochs, but this is not so. For just as when souls have passed through the Gate of Birth they have different experiences in the different epochs, so there is also a ‘history’ of what happens between death and rebirth. These happenings in our present age are rightly described as we describe them, but they have not been the same in all the ages. Today we shall consider, briefly, something of the history of that other side of existence, particularly during Post-Atlantean epochs.
For this purpose we do well to think, to begin with, of the old Atlantean epoch. In this Atlantean epoch, life was very different from what it came to be later on. When in the night the soul of the old Atlantean had gone out of the physical and etheric bodies and was living in the spiritual worlds, it was not enveloped in darkness as is the case today. During the night-consciousness the soul was in divine-spiritual worlds—divine-Spiritual Beings were its companions. The alternation between day and night was quite different in the old Atlantean epoch. When the Atlantean awoke in the morning, that is to say, when his astral body and Ego came down again into the physical and etheric bodies, then, in the earlier periods of Atlantis, man did not see external objects with sharp outlines as he does today, but the objects were hazy—as when we go out at night in a thick November fog the lamps seem to be surrounded by an aura instead of emitting clear light. To the early Atlantean, every object on the physical plane was indistinct and indefinite, and only gradually assumed sharp contours in the day-consciousness. When, at night, he rose in his astral body and Ego out of the physical and etheric bodies, he was not in a realm of unconsciousness, but he had definite, even if hazy, experiences of the divine-spiritual worlds. And the figures preserved as the Gods, the names and ideas of Gods such as Wotan, Baldur, Zeus, Apollo, Thor—are not figures of fantasy but Beings who were actually experienced by man in the times of old Atlantis.
Then came the great Flood. The less advanced Atlanteans went from West to East, settling in the lands of Europe. The most advanced of all went towards Asia and founded in Central Asia the great colony of the Manu. The Manu was the lofty Being who was the leader of this handful of the most advanced Atlanteans who went with him to Central Asia and from there called the different cultures to life. It must here be borne in mind that in Asia and Africa, as the result of earlier and later migrations, and through other peoples who were descendants of still earlier epochs, the countries were inhabited, and these pupils of the Manu went out in various directions in order to spread new streams of culture. The first mission went from Central Asia to India. The Manu sent his first pupils to India; he himself, for certain reasons, withdrew into the background. The first pupils of the Manu became the teachers and leaders of the first Post-Atlantean culture—that of the ancient Indian peoples. The first form of Post-Atlantean culture therefore arose under the influence of these Teachers—the holy Rishis. We already know the basic character of this culture. The pupils of the Rishis had a kind of memory of ancient times, of how in Atlantis they themselves had been companions of the Gods. Their real homeland then had been in the spiritual world. Now they were in the physical world. And so in ancient India men had an intense longing for their primeval, spiritual homeland. They felt that they were strangers in the physical world. For them this world was illusion, maya, merely an external expression of the Spiritual. Hence their longing for the Spiritual and their view that the physical world was illusion, deception, maya. They had as yet no love for the physical world; they still longed for the spiritual world. They saw the stars, the rivers, the mountains, but felt no interest in any of these things. What happened between birth and death was regarded as illusion, as maya, for men knew that they lived in their real homeland between death and rebirth. Such was the fundamental mood of the old Indians. But ever and again they received information and tidings of the spiritual worlds through the holy Rishis, who were the pupils of the great Manu.
It is a good thing to try to form definite ideas of the nature of these great Indian Teachers. A feeling of reverent awe arises in those who can envisage in some small measure what took place spiritually between the Rishis and their pupils in Northern India at this starting-point of Post-Atlantean humanity. Without Spiritual Science it is hardly possible for anyone today, when humanity has descended so deeply into the physical plane and has adopted such a materialistic way of thinking, to form a true idea of the kind of knowledge that was brought by the Manu from the West to the East as a heritage of the Atlantean age. For if the Book with the Twelve Chapters, the Book in which the Manu had preserved the ancient traditions of the earth, in which was written down what could be made known of the laws and conditions prevailing in ancient times when humanity lived in the bosom of the Gods—if that Book could be laid before men today it would be utterly incomprehensible to them. Nevertheless it contained the instructions that were given by the Manu to his most intimate pupils and through which the seven holy Rishis prepared themselves for their mission. Some idea of what the holy Rishis were like can be formed in the following way.—Anyone who saw them in life would have seen utterly simple men. And such indeed they were, for a great part of their life. But there were times when the Rishis were anything but ordinary men. They were not learned in the modern sense, but at such times they were the mouthpiece and instrument of higher spiritual Beings. Higher spiritual Beings ensouled the Rishis and then, when they spoke, they were not giving utterance to what they knew, but to the speech of the Spirit who had entered into them, right down into the physical body. Thus the Seven Planetary Regents themselves were present during this first epoch of Post-Atlantean civilisation. The Seven Planetary Spirits of the universe spoke through the mouths of the holy Rishis, who were merely their instruments. And the words spoken had stupendous power; they were magical words, not merely teachings but commands for what men were to do. Revelations from the cosmos itself were spoken forth by the seven holy Rishis. The later Vedic literature is no more than a faint echo of the wisdom that streamed to humanity out of the cosmos itself through the holy Rishis. This was the first Post-Atlantean manifestation and revelation of the Divine. It was only at certain times that the Rishis were inspired by the Planetary Spirits and then they could impart great and mighty things to men. Far greater things were spoken through them to humanity between birth and death in this first Post-Atlantean epoch than in the other world, for all the secrets to which men could no longer look up from the physical world could be made known to them by the Rishis.
Initiates are able to work and teach not only in the physical world, but in alternating states of consciousness they are able, while still maintaining connection with the physical body, to pass over into the spiritual world and to become the teachers of the souls living between death and rebirth. The great teachers give instruction here, in physical life, and also in the life between death and rebirth. The Rishis too were teachers of man in the world beyond death. There they could, it is true, proclaim the same great spiritual truths of which they spoke in the physical world, but they could say nothing of particular value to the Dead about the other side of existence, i.e. about the physical world. There was nothing in this physical world that could be of value for the life after death. The ancient Indian yearned for the life between death and rebirth; he was happy there, and had no inclination whatever for physical life. And so when the ancient Indian passed into the other world, he was not merely a knower in some degree, he was not only able to see, up to a certain level, what was happen ing there, but he was also able to act with skill—for man has to act in the other world too. The souls of the ancient Indians were far better fitted to work in that world than in the physical world. The instruments available in the physical world at that time were simple and primitive, and men were not skilled on the physical plane. But as souls in that other world they were able to work with skill that was a heritage from an earlier epoch. Men's life between death and rebirth was more intense, more active, than it was in the physical world. The spiritual world afforded them deep happiness; everything was light and clear after death.
World-history continued its course and the epoch of ancient Persian culture approached. Man had progressed, inasmuch as he now began to love the physical plane; he wanted to work on the physical plane and felt that his spiritual forces should be applied to the cultivation of the earth. The culture inspired by the Manu had grown dearer to the ancient Persians. Zarathustra now became their great Teacher. The teachings that had flowed from the inspirations of the Rishis were now, in the second Post-Atlantean epoch, transmitted through Zarathustra. The task of this great Teacher was to create a counterweight to existing conditions. Man must come to love the physical plane, the physical earth, to become more conscious of it, to discover the means of promoting culture, to live more and more intensely on the physical plane, not merely regarding it as illusion, maya, but as a revelation of the Divine Powers. Zarathustra said to the people : In the material world there is something that is opposed to the Spiritual; the power of Evil is mingled with matter. But if you unite yourselves with the beings who are servants of the good Spirit, then, in union with them, you will overcome the Evil that is mingled with matter.—There was inevitably the danger, the first glimmering of the danger, that connection with the Spiritual might be lost. Hence as well as narrating the truths of the spiritual world, it was the special task of the teachers to emphasise to the people that the Spiritual reveals itself in the material; and those who had fallen prey to matter owing to an exaggerated belief in it, had to be brought back again to belief in the Spiritual, to the belief that God reveals himself in matter.—That was what Zarathustra had to proclaim, and he spoke with mighty power. In terms of modern language it is no longer possible to convey any adequate idea of the words of fire with which he proclaimed what he himself was still able to behold, because he was the successor of the pupils of the Manu. For example, he still saw in the Sun not merely the external, physical phenomenon, but the spiritual: Beings whose abode is the Sun, for whom the physical Sun is merely their bodily vehicle, and he called these spiritual Beings in their totality: Ahura Mazdao, the great Sun-, Aura-, Ahura Mazdao, or Ormtizd. From this source came the inspiration for all the teachings he was to inculcate into the second Post-Atlantean culture-epoch which was already in danger of falling prey to the attacks of Ahriman. In mighty words Zarathustra spoke to humanity somewhat as follows. I will speak ‘Give heed and hear me, ye who from near and far long for this. Mark well my words! For no longer may the false teacher corrupt the world, he, the Evil One, whose mouth has proclaimed wrong beliefs. I speak of what is greatest in the world, of what He, the Mighty One, has revealed to me. Whoever does not follow my words, as I mean them, woe will befall him at the end of days.’ In words of power such as these, it was proclaimed that He, the all-pervading Spirit, is revealed in what is external, and that the one who believed he could mislead humanity by making men believe that the material alone has reality, must not conquer. And Zarathustra announced that when the time was fulfilled, One would come in human form as the embodiment of all the Powers working and weaving through the world, One Whose coming could at that time be only a prophecy.—Zarathustra called Him by the name of Saoschra. He, the Power Who resides in the Sun, Who could be seen at that time only through external veils—He would come one day in human form. Zarathustra proclaimed the Christ Who was to come in the future.
Zarathustra had two pupils whom he did not instruct for the purpose of sending them out to teach the Persians. They were pupils such as are always to be found with the great Initiates and who prepare in quietude for their missions, refraining, to begin with, from going out into the world to teach.
These two pupils, in later incarnations, were : Hermes, the great Teacher of the Egyptians, and Moses.
The wisdom outpoured in the second Post-Atlantean epoch had necessarily to take the form it did, because humanity had advanced a stage and men had a greater love for the physical plane. But because this was so, experiences between death and rebirth were darkened. Men could still see in the spiritual world, but no longer with the clarity of vision that prevailed in the old Indian epoch. When the souls from Persian bodies passed into Devachan, their experiences were less vivid, less intense, and the more skilful they became in their work on the physical plane, the less skilful were they in their actions in the spiritual world. In the outer world there is an ascending line of progress; in the world after death, however, there is a decline. When the Initiates passed into that other world—it was, of course, a spiritual journey and the Initiates remained united with the physical body—when they passed into that world to be with human souls living between death and rebirth, they could say much about the momentous things which men had formerly seen there but which now were darkened. They could give teachings concerning the higher spiritual realities that had gradually faded from man's vision between death and rebirth, but they could impart nothing as yet about happenings in the physical world. Nor would this have been of any great significance for the other world. If the Initiates had related the doings of men (in the physical world) this would have had no inspiring effect in the life between death and rebirth. To tell of any happenings on the physical plane would have had no value for that other world.
Then came the Egyptian epoch. Men now had an even greater love for the physical plane and had become still more skilful there. They no longer regarded it as maya or illusion. They looked up to the stars and saw in their constellations and movements a script of the Gods. They saw revelations of divine-spiritual Beings in physical manifestation. And they worked upon the earth with knowledge acquired through their human forces.—We need think only of how the Egyptians cultivated the soil.—Man had now brought his spiritual forces from the spiritual into the physical, and the link between these spiritual forces and the physical world became steadily firmer. The first great Teacher of the Egyptians was Hermes, in his new incarnation. We will try to form some idea of the kind of teachings he gave.
For this purpose it will be especially helpful to think about that aspect of the figure of Osiris which can be of interest to us today.—Osiris was the central God of Egypt, the God who was honoured above all other Gods. The Egyptian Gods were worshipped under many names by the people, priests and initiates. The legend of Osiris is known to you. Osiris ruled over mankind. Then his brother Typhon laid him, by cunning, in a casket which he threw into the sea. Isis, the sorrowing spouse, sought for and found the corpse but could not bring Osiris back again into this world. From the other world a ray from Osiris fell upon Isis who then gave birth to Horus, the successor of Osiris on the earth. Osiris remained in the other world. The Egyptians were told: Osiris is a Being who stands close to man. He is one of the last Beings with whom men were in communion when they lived consciously in the spiritual world. Men have descended into the physical world in order that they may develop further here, and then they ascend again, enriched by the experiences gained in the physical world. Osiris is one of those Beings who no longer needed to descend to the physical world, because they had already reached such a height that this was not necessary for them. They had moved to a higher level and were not created to dwell in a physical body—the casket. Such Beings can have only a fleeting contact with the physical world. Osiris can be found only when man passes over into the other life. He is the last Figure you can still experience—so said the Initiates to the Egyptians—if you make yourselves worthy, if you follow the commandments. Then, after death, when you are judged, you will be together with Osiris; you will feel yourselves to be members of Osiris.
Those who aspired to be united with Osiris had therefore to be referred to the life after death. But as the experiences accessible after death had now become still less intense, even when men were united with Osiris they were only able to experience faintly and weakly that which constituted their highest bliss—the union with Osiris. But through the belief implanted in them by the priests, they knew and firmly hoped that they would indeed be united with Osiris, and in solemn moments after death they felt themselves as members of the Osiris-soul. This consciousness of belonging to Osiris gradually faded away. While culture was progressing to higher stages on the physical plane, a decline was taking place in the spiritual world between death and rebirth. Man's vision of the world of Devachan became steadily fainter. And when the Initiates came over into that world, they still could not tell of happenings in the physical world that would have had any special significance for that other world. What happened in the spiritual world was entirely the result of its own prevailing conditions. Happenings in the physical world could be of little interest to the souls of the Dead. What man could do in the physical world was a preparation for the Osiris-experience, but it was a preparation for something that could be experienced only in the deepest spiritual depths of yonder world.
Then came the Greco-Roman age, the fourth Post-Atlantean culture-epoch. The marriage between the human spirit and external matter became closer, more intimate still, and the splendour of Greek culture stems from this marriage between the spiritual capacities of men and external physical life. When we have before us a Greek temple with its wonderful forms—even in aftermath as at Paestum in Southern Italy—we Can see what the human spirit has achieved in the conquest of external matter. In the lines and distribution of forces in the Greek temple, architecture has reached its zenith. The reason why a Greek temple is such a wonder-work of architecture and of art is because everything in it is the expression of the Spiritual. That is why it is so inspiring to contemplate the harmony presented in a Greek temple.
One peculiarity that is discovered by clairvoyant consciousness in connection with a Greek temple must here be made known.—Let us suppose that clairvoyant consciousness has before it the last echoes of a Greek temple built in the Doric style as are the temples at Paestum, and is able to feel the aftermath of what the Greeks felt on the physical plane; let us assume that clairvoyant consciousness, while beholding the physical form of such a creation, experiences all the rapture and enchantment that it is still possible to experience at the sight. Then clairvoyant consciousness will make a certain discovery. When it frees itself from the body and, without using the physical organs, sees in the spiritual world, then the Greek temple, with all its splendour, has vanished. What was so perfect, so great and glorious in the physical world, cannot be carried over into the spiritual world—not even for modern clairvoyant consciousness. At the place in space where the glorious temple stood, there is nothing corresponding with it in the spiritual world. It was so in the case of all the great masterpieces of that wonderful Greco-Latin epoch, and in another connection too.
This was the same epoch when, in Rome, man's consciousness of personality came to its strongest expression in the physical world. The Roman felt himself first and foremost as a personal citizen of the earth, firmly rooted on, this earth. To the same degree to which man felt himself standing firmly on the earth, he felt weak between death and rebirth, feeble and ineffectual in that other world. Life between death and rebirth had faded in intensity even more than before. Above all, what was experienced in its splendour in the physical world could not be carried into yonder world. It is no mere legend passed on from the Greek epoch, that one of the great Heroes, when visited in the nether world of the Shades by an Initiate, said: ‘Better it is to be a beggar in the upper world than a king in the realm of the Shades’—because man felt shadowy and empty between death and rebirth, and longed for the life between birth and death with its beauty and its grandeur. Life had surrendered itself to the most perfect and complete marriage between the human spirit and external form, and at the cost of this marriage, life between death and rebirth had fallen into decline.
In this epoch fell the Event for which preparation had been made by that other Initiate who had been Zarathustra's pupil—namely, Moses. Moses was chosen to proclaim—to begin with in the only form in which this was possible—a God Who could also reveal Himself in the physical world, Who would be actually present in the physical world. Naturally, this revelation was to the effect that the one and only true image of God Who weaves through the world could not, at the time the revelation was given, be apprehended by the senses. And when, at the starting-point of his mission, the ‘EJE ASCHER EJE’ (I am the I am) was proclaimed through Moses, this was the first announcement of the God Who henceforward would not be found only in the other world but Who had passed into this world and was to be experienced here. The Jahve-Being was proclaimed through this second pupil of Zarathustra, and thereby preparation was made for the coming of Christ, for the Mystery of Golgotha.
You know, to some extent, what the Mystery of Golgotha signifies for the physical plane: it is actual proof that life in the spirit is victorious over death. This victory was achieved through the fact that the One Who had been proclaimed by the prophets, the One Who was there at the creation of all the kingdoms of Nature, walked upon the earth. This Archetypal Being of the world, Who is the Spirit of the Sun, is rightly given a Greek name, for He could, and indeed had to, appear in the Greek age, when mankind needed the impulse for re-ascent. And in eternal memory of this, the Being Who incarnated in the sheaths of Jesus of Nazareth was called by the name of CHRIST. This name derives from the epoch when it was necessary that Christ should appear. At the moment when the Jesus of Nazareth-sheath died on Golgotha, something happened that is not a mere legend but can still be confirmed today on the path of spiritual science by one who is adequately prepared. At the moment of the Death on the Cross, at that same moment Christ appeared in the other world among the Dead, among those who were living between death and rebirth. And this appearance of Christ was like a lightning-flash in that other world. It was as though the life in that world which had faded into shadow, was lit up by lightning. Now, for the first time, something could be made known in the world after death that was different from anything of which the earlier Initiates had been able to tell when they passed into that world. Even an Initiate of the Eleusinian Mysteries would at most have been able to tell of the beauties of the physical world which the Dead could no longer behold; at most he could have awakened a longing for the physical, but nothing of real importance would have been brought to the Dead by making known to them what was taking place in the world of flesh. The first tidings brought by Christ to the Dead were that in the world between birth and death something had come to pass that has meaning not for this physical world only, but also for the life in the other world. This Event in the physical world was one that works on into the spiritual world itself. Actual examples of this can be found.
When in the physical world we contemplate the most beautiful temple or any one of the loveliest creations of the age of ancient Greece and are enchanted by the sight of it, in that other world it has faded away, is not to be found. If, however, we steep ourselves in the Gospel of St. John or in the Apocalypse, where the happenings connected with the Mystery of Golgotha are made known, we can have wonderful experiences if, with clairvoyant consciousness, we then pass over into the spiritual world. These feelings and experiences do not fade, but they live on, becoming still more glorious, still more comprehensible, in the spiritual world. Everything that is connected with the Event of Golgotha becomes even more sublime in the spiritual world. This is by no means the case with everything. However deep your wonder may be at the sight of the Pyramids, only a faint echo of them can be experienced in yonder world. A Greek temple or a Greek tragedy may enthrall one but nothing goes over into the other world, either for an Initiate or for those who are not initiated. But if you contemplate a picture by Raphael in which the Christian truths are expressed, you carry much of the picture with you into the spiritual world, and things which in the physical world you cannot even glimpse, will dawn upon you there. In yonder world they become a light which lightens the spiritual world anew. And so it was when Christ appeared in the world of the Shades. For the first time, that world was flooded with light. And more and more, through everything that Christianity has brought into the world, the spiritual world will be illuminated.
So culture descends, as it were, from the heights of the Atlantean world to the Greco-Latin world, when in the spiritual world it was in decadence and had sunk most deeply into the material world. That was when the greatest desolation prevailed in the spiritual world. And now, with the appearance of Christ in the underworld, comes the great impulse of Light. Existence between death and rebirth becomes ever brighter, ever clearer. The ascent begins in the history of life in that other world. Christianity is only at its beginning today. More and more it will become evident that man grows in spirituality through what he can experience in this world; and he takes with him into the other world what he experiences here in connection with the Event of Golgotha. Thus in the spiritual world, too, there is an ascent.
And so we may also speak of history in the life between death and rebirth, and when we study this history of the hidden side of the world, we realise the infinite significance of the Mystery of Golgotha, not for the physical world alone but also for all three worlds in which man lives. The Being Who is united with our evolution, Who has created everything that is around us, Who dwelt in Jesus of Nazareth, once said: ‘Had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me, for he wrote of me. But if ye believe not his writings, how shall you believe my words?’ (John, V, 46.)—clearly indicating thereby that it was He of whom Moses was speaking when he proclaimed the Divine Being Who was announcing Himself as the ‘I am the I am.’ The Being Who was in Jesus of Nazareth accomplished something in our world that has significance not only for the physical plane but, as the most momentous of all events, spread through the three worlds, from the physical right up into the spiritual world. Such is the mighty vista of the Event of Golgotha brought before our souls by occult history.
Okkulte Geschichte I
Wir werden heute ein Kapitel aus dem Gebiete der Theosophie behandeln, das sich auf der einen Seite etwas anschließen wird an allerlei, welches wir bei unserem letzten Kursus hier besprechen konnten, das aber in einer gewissen Beziehung doch wieder ganz selbständig ist. Wir werden in dem Sinn, der schon einmal hier charakterisiert worden ist, heute wiederum etwas besprechen, das für Vorgeschrittenere gilt, nicht in dem Sinne, daß man vorgeschritten sein braucht nach Verstand und Wissen, als vorgeschritten in bezug auf jene Gefühle, die man braucht, um höhere Wahrheiten, die dem materialistischen Sinn sehr häufig als paradox, als sonderbar, als phantastisch erscheinen, in dem Sinn aufzunehmen, nicht wie man alltägliche Ereignisse aufnimmt, sondern als etwas nicht nur Mögliches, sondern eben als Wirkliches.
Ein Kapitel aus der okkulten Geschichte wollen wir uns heute vor die Seele führen. Was Geschichte im äußeren Sinne, im physischen Sinne ist, weiß ja jeder von uns. Jeder weiß, daß die Geschichte die aufeinanderfolgenden Tatsachen der äußeren physischen Welt darstellt, so weit sie der Mensch zurückverfolgen kann, entweder an der Hand der Dokumente, Urkunden, Überlieferungen oder auch wir auf geisteswissenschaftlichem Felde gehen ja in dieser äußeren Geschichte noch weiter zurück - nach den geistigen Urkunden, die uns zur Verfügung stehen, zurück bis zur großen atlantischen Flut. Wir beobachten die aufeinanderfolgenden Kulturepochen nach derselben, gehen zurück auch noch hinter diese große Flut, die in den Sintflutsagen der verschiedenen Völker sich erhalten hat als Überlieferung, gehen zurück sogar sehr, sehr weit in der Zeit. Das alles aber ist zwar Geschichte, mit okkulten Mitteln erforscht, aber in gewisser Weise doch äußere, physische oder mehr oder weniger physische Tatsachengeschichte. Aber es gibt auch eine okkulte Geschichte, und inwiefern es eine solche geben kann, das wird Ihnen aufgehen, wenn Sie sich einmal die folgende Frage vorlegen: Ihre Seelen alle haben gelebt, bevor sie in diese Leiber unserer jetzigen Kulturen eingezogen sind, abgesehen von allem Früheren, in altindischen, altpersischen, ägyptisch-chaldäischen, griechisch-römischen Leibern und so weiter. Wenn diese Seelen durch die Geburten eingezogen sind auf den äußeren physischen Plan, dann sahen sie das, was man eben auf dem physischen Plan erleben kann. Es schauten diese Seelen hinaus auf die Werke der altindischen Kultur, sie schauten die gigantischen Pyramiden der Ägypter, die griechischen Tempel und so weiter. Daraus können wir uns alle ein Bild machen, wie fortschreitend die Ereignisse sind, die der Mensch durchmacht eben im Laufe der Geschichte auf dem äußeren physischen Plan im Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod. Nun kann man jedoch die Frage aufwerfen: Wie ist es denn dann, wenn die Seele durchschreitet durch die Pforte des Todes und das Leben durchläuft zwischen Tod und einer neuen Geburt? - Diese Seelen, die jetzt verkörpert sind, sind durch den Tod getreten im alten Indien, alten Persien und so weiter. Hat sich nun da zwischen Tod und einer neuen Geburt immer dasselbe abgespielt? Gibt es vielleicht auf der jenseitigen Seite des Lebens, die wir durchmachen zwischen Tod und einer neuen Geburt, auch so etwas wie eine Geschichte? Erlebten die Seelen etwas anderes, wenn sie durch die Pforte des Todes gingen im alten Indien oder alten Persien und so weiter, und erleben sie etwas anderes heute in unserem gegenwärtigen Zyklus? Spielt sich da drüben etwas ab wie ein aufeinanderfolgender Hergang?
Wir besprechen heute das, was geschieht zwischen Tod und einer neuen Geburt, als Erlebnis der Kamalokazeit, der Zeit des Devachan bis zu einer neuen Verkörperung, mit Recht so, wie wir es besprechen. Mancher Anthroposoph wird dabei das Bewußtsein haben, daß das für alle Zeiten gleich sei. Falsch wäre es, das zu glauben. Denn geradeso wie die Seele dann, wenn sie durch die Pforte der Geburt schreitet, in den aufeinanderfolgenden Zeiten verschiedenes erlebt, so sind auch die Ereignisse zwischen Tod und einer neuen Geburt einer Geschichte unterworfen. Wir besprechen heute mit Recht diese Ereignisse, so wie wir sie besprechen, weil sie sich so abspielen. Aber auch da gibt es eine Geschichte, auch da sind die Tatsachen nicht in allen Zeiten dieselben, und wir wollen heute einiges von dem, was die andere Seite des Daseins an Geschichte durchmacht, im wesentlichen in der nachatlantischen Zeit durchmacht, ein wenig betrachten. Dazu ist es gut, wenn wir den Blick werfen auf einiges Bekannte, auf die alte atlantische Zeit.
Ihr wißt, daß in dieser atlantischen Zeit das Leben ein anderes war als später. Wenn die Seele des alten Atlantiers in der Nacht herausgegangen war aus dem physischen und Ätherleib, sich hinauflebte in die geistigen Welten, dann breiteten sich nicht Dunkel und Finsternis aus wie heute, sondern die Seele war dann in dem nächtlichen Bewußtsein bis zu einem hohen Grade in göttlich-geistigen Welten; göttlich-geistige Wesen waren ihre Genossen. Dieser Wechsel zwischen Tag und Nacht war ja noch ganz anders in der alten atlantischen Zeit. Wenn der Atlantier früh aufwachte, das heißt, wieder hineinstieg mit seinem Astralleib und Ich in den physischen und Ätherleib, dann sah er auch da, in den alten Zeiten der Atlantis, die äußeren Gegenstände nicht mit scharfen Umrissen wie heute, sondern verschwommen, so, wie wenn wir hinausgehen abends, wo ein dichter Novembernebel ist, und wir die Laternen nicht so sehen, daß sie klar und scharf umrissen das Licht zeigen, sondern mit einer Aura umgeben. So undeutlich sah der atlantische Urmensch alles auf dem physischen Plan. Nach und nach bekamen die Gegenstände ihre scharfen Konturen im Tagesbewußtsein. Wenn er des Abends herausstieg mit seinem Astralleib und Ich aus dem physischen und Ätherleib, dann war er nicht in einer Welt der Bewußtlosigkeit; er hatte verschwommene, aber durchaus erlebte Vorstellungen von den göttlich-geistigen Welten. Und das, was sich erhalten hat als die Götternamen und -vorstellungen, sagen wir von Wotan, Tor, Baldur, Zeus, Apollo, das sind nicht bloße Phantsiegebilde, das sind Wesen, die der Mensch selbst erlebt hat in der alten atlantischen Zeit.
Nun kam die große Flut. Der vorgeschrittenste Teil der Atlantier ging vom Westen nach Osten, besiedelte die europäischen Lande; er zog nach Asien und gründete in Mittelasien die große Kulturkolonie des Manu, der der Führer war dieses damals so hochentwickelten, vorgeschrittensten Häufleins der Atlantier, das von Mittelasien aus dann die verschiedenen Kulturepochen ins Leben rief. Wir müssen uns dabei vorstellen, daß in Asien und Afrika durch frühere und spätere Wanderungen und durch andere Menschen, Nachkommen früherer Epochen, die Länder besiedelt waren, und eben diese Kolonien sich nach verschiedenen Richtungen bewegten, um neue Kulturströmungen zu verbreiten. Die erste ging von Mittelasien nach Indien. Der Manu, der sich aus bestimmten Gründen in der Zurückgezogenheit befand, schickte seine ersten Schüler nach Indien. Die ersten Schüler des Manu wurden die Lehrer und Führer des ersten nachatlantischen Kulturvolkes, des alten indischen Volkes. Da entstand die erste Kultur unter dem Einfluß der ersten nachatlantischen Lehrer, der alten, heiligen Rishis.
Welche Grundstimmung diese Kultur hatte, wissen wir schon. Die Schüler der Rishis hatten eine Art von Gedächtnis an alte Zeiten, wie sie drüben in der Atlantis waren, wie sie selbst noch die Genossen und Mitlebenden der Götter waren. Da war die eigentliche Heimat, in der geistigen Welt. Jetzt sind wir in die physische Welt versetzt. Daher finden wir in Indien jene große Sehnsucht nach der geistigen Urheimat der Menschheit. Fremd fühlten sich die Menschen in der physischen Welt. Illusion, Maja, bloßer äußerer Ausdruck des eigentlichen Geistigen war ihnen diese. Daher das Sehnen nach dem Geistigen, daher das Ansehen der physischen Welt als Illusion, Täuschung, Maja. Sie liebten noch nicht die physische Welt, sie sehnten sich noch nach der geistigen Welt. Sie sahen die Sterne, die Flüsse, die Berge, aber das interessierte sie noch nicht. Was sich abspielte zwischen Geburt und Tod, war Illusion, Maja. Sie wußten, daß sie zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt in der geistigen Heimat lebten. Das war die Grundstimmung der Altinder. Aber sie erlangten fortwährend Kunde und Mitteilung von den geistigen Welten durch die heiligen Rishis, die Schüler des großen Manu. Und es ist gut, wenn wir uns bestimmte Vorstellungen machen von der Natur dieser großen indischen Lehrer. Denjenigen, der eine Ahnung bekommen kann von dem, was geistig vorging damals in dem nördlichen Teil Indiens zwischen den Rishis und ihren Schülern, durchdringt sozusagen ein Gefühl tiefster, heiligster Ehrfurcht, wenn er diesen ersten Ausgangspunkt der nachatlantischen Menschheit beschaut. Es ist kaum möglich, daß sich heute in unserer Zeit, nachdem die Menschen so weit herausgegangen sind auf den physischen Plan und zu einer so materialistischen Denkweise übergegangen sind, daß sich jemand eine gute Vorstellung macht - wenn er nicht immer mehr sich diese Vorstellung durch die Geheimwissenschaft zu erwerben sucht - von der Art des Wissens, wie es der Manu aus der alten atlantischen Zeit von dem Westen nach dem Osten hinüber mitbrachte. Denn wenn es auch vor die Menschen hingelegt würde, das Buch mit den zwölf Kapiteln, in dem der Manu die Urtradition der Erde bewahrt hatte, in dem aufgeschrieben war das, was von Gesetzen verkündet werden konnte in den alten Zeiten, wo die Menschen im Schoß der Götter waren, wenn die Menschen es auch vorgelegt erhalten könnten heute, sie würden nichts verstehen von diesem Buch. Dennoch enthielt es die Anweisungen, die der Manu seinen intimsten Schülern gab, und durch das die sieben heiligen Rishis sich für ihren Beruf vorbereiten konnten.
Wenn wir uns eine Vorstellung von den heiligen Rishis machen wollen, so kann dies auf folgende Weise geschehen: Wer sie im Leben gesehen hätte, der würde in ihnen schlichte Leute gesehen haben. Eine große Zeit ihres Lebens waren sie solche schlichten Leute.
Dann kamen aber über diese Rishis Zeiten, in denen sie etwas ganz anderes waren als gewöhnliche Menschen. Sie waren auch nicht etwa Gelehrte im heutigen Sinne; sie waren in dieser Zeit ein Mundstück und Instrument höherer geistiger Wesenheiten. Höhere geistige Wesenheiten beseelten die Rishis in jenen alten Zeiten und wenn die Rishis damals sprachen, so sprachen sie nicht, was sie wußten, sondern was der Geist sprach, der in sie gefahren war. Bis in ihren physischen Leib hinein durchsetzte die heiligen Rishis das Wesen eines höheren Geistes, und es waren die sieben planetarischen Geister, die damals selbst mit der ersten nachatlantischen Menschheitskultur verbunden waren, die sieben Geister unserer Planetenwelt. Sie sprachen, indem sie sich des Mundes der Rishis bedienten, die nur das Werkzeug waren für die sieben planetarischen Regenten unseres Weltalls, und da sprachen sie große, bedeutsame Zauberworte, die Zauberwirkungen hatten, die nicht bloß Worte der Lehre waren, die Befehle waren für das, was die Menschen damals zu tun hatten, Mitteilungen waren aus dem Kosmos heraus; die sprachen die sieben heiligen Rishis.
Was später in der Vedenliteratur enthalten ist, ist nur ein schwacher Nachklang des Großen und Gewaltigen, was durch das Instrument der heiligen Rishis aus dem Kosmos selbst damals als die erste Manifestation des nachatlantischen Göttlichen der Menschheit zuströmte. Aber nur zu bestimmten Zeiten waren die Rishis von den planetarischen Geistern inspiriert. Großes und Gewaltiges konnten sie daher den Menschen mitteilen. Viel Größeres und Gewaltigeres wurde durch sie gesprochen zu den Menschen, wenn sie zwischen Geburt und Tod waren in dieser ersten nachatlantischen Zeit, als in der jenseitigen Welt; denn alle die Geheimnisse, zu denen die Menschen nicht mehr hinaufblicken konnten von der physischen Welt aus, konnten die Rishis verkündigen.
Es ist bei Eingeweihten so, daß sie nicht nur in dieser diesseitigen Welt verkehren können, nicht nur die Lehrer sein können hier, sondern daß sie auch in abwechselnden Bewußtseinszuständen hinübergehen - wenn sie auch im physischen Leibe sind - in die geistige Welt und die Lehrer werden zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Die großen Lehrer lehren hier und dort; sie lehren auch weiter zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt. Die Rishis waren auch die Lehrer von den Menschen im Jenseits. Da konnten sie nun zwar verkünden dieselben großen geistigen Wahrheiten, von denen sie sprechen konnten hier in der physischen Welt, aber sie konnten den Toten nichts besonders Wertvolles sagen über die andere Seite des Daseins, über die physische Welt. In dieser ging nichts vor, was Wert haben konnte für das Leben nach dem Tode. Dieses Leben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt ersehnte der alte Inder. Er war froh, in diesem Leben drinnen zu sein und hatte keine Neigung zum physischen Leben. Und so stellte sich dieses Leben des alten Inders, wenn er durchging durch das Jenseits, so dar, daß er da nicht nur wissend bis zu einem gewissen Grade war, nicht nur sah die Ereignisse, die vorgingen, bis zu einer gewissen Höhe hinauf. Er konnte auch - weil der Mensch in der anderen Welt etwas tun muß - geschickt dort arbeiten. Die Seelen der alten Inder waren viel geschickter, um drüben zu arbeiten, als hier herüben. Einfach und primitiv waren die Werkzeuge der physischen Welt damals. Die Menschen waren noch ungeschickt auf dem physischen Plan, aber drüben besaßen sie große Geschicklichkeit. Sie war ihnen geblieben aus einer früheren Zeit. Die Menschen entwickelten ein lebendigeres Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, als hier in der physischen Welt. Die Menschen waren drüben tätiger, lebhafter. Tief befriedigte sie die geistige Welt; alles war licht und hell nach dem Tode.
Dann ging die Weltgeschichte weiter. Die vorpersische Kultur ging an. Auf dem physischen Plan ist der Mensch insofern ein Stück weitergekommen, als er jetzt den physischen Plan zu lieben begann. Er will schon die Arbeit auf dem physischen Plan verrichten und fühlt, daß er seine geistigen Kräfte verwenden soll, um die Erde zu bearbeiten. Um ein Stück lieber gewonnen haben die Perser die von Manu inspirierte Kultur. Zarathustra wurde jetzt der große Lehrer. Was an Lehren zusammengeflossen war aus den Eingebungen der Rishis, ging jetzt in der zweiten Kulturstufe durch den Zarathustra. Ein großer Lehrer war er, und er mußte sich zur Aufgabe stellen, ein Gegengewicht zu bilden gegen das, was sich von selbst ergab. Die Menschen sollten den physischen Plan, die physische Erde ja immer lieber gewinnen, sollten mehr bewußt werden derselben, sollten die Kulturmittel entdecken, sich einleben in den physischen Plan, ihn nicht nur als Illusion, als Maja empfinden, sondern als Offenbarung der göttlichen Kräfte. Aber Zarathustra sagte ihnen: In dem Materiellen lebt ein dem rein Geistigen Gegenteiliges; es ist dem Materiellen beigemischt die Kraft des Bösen. Aber wenn ihr euch mit den Dienern des guten Geistes verbindet, dann werdet ihr im Verein mit ihnen das überwinden, was dem Materiellen beigemischt ist als das Böse. - Es konnte nicht anders sein, als daß da schon die Gefahr war, das erste Aufleuchten derselben, überhaupt den Zusammenhang mit dem Geistigen zu verlieren. Daher hatten die Lehrer die besondere Aufgabe, neben den Erzählungen über die geistige Welt, die sie gaben, die Leute darauf aufmerksam zu machen, daß in dem Materiellen sich das Geistige offenbare, und diejenigen, die einem übertriebenen Glauben an das Materielle verfallen waren, mußten sie zurückbringen zum Glauben an den Geist, zum Glauben daran, daß sich der Gott im Materiellen offenbart.
Das war es, was Zarathustra verkündigen mußte. Gewaltige Worte sprach er. Es ist in den heutigen Sprachen nicht mehr möglich, eine Ahnung von den Feuerworten hervorzurufen, mit denen er verkündigte, was er noch schauen konnte, da er der Nachfolger der Schüler des Manu war. Er schaute noch zum Beispiel in der Sonne nicht bloß die äußere physische Sonne, sondern die geistigen Wesen, welche in der Sonne leben, von denen die physische Sonne nur die Körperlichkeit ist, und er nannte diese geistigen Wesen Ahura Mazda, die große Sonnenaura, die der Ahura Mazda oder Ormuzd geworden ist. Daraus ging die Inspiration aller Lehren hervor, die er der zweiten Kulturepoche einprägen sollte, die schon den Anfechtungen von Ahriman verfallen sollte. Es waren gewaltige Worte, die der Zarathustra der Menschheit verkündete. So sprach er etwa: Ich will reden, nun horcht und hört mir zu, ihr, die ihr von nah und fern danach Verlangen tragt. Merket alles genau. Denn Er ist offenbar; nicht mehr soll der Irrlehrer verderben die Welt, er, der Böse, der schlechten Glauben mit seinem Munde bekannt hat. Ich will reden von dem, was in der Welt das Größte ist, was Er mir offenbart hat, Er, der Mächtige. Wer nicht folgt meinen Worten, wie ich sie meine, der wird Elendes erleben an der Welten Ziel. - Daß Er, der große Geist, der die Welt durchwebt, in dem Äußeren offenbar ist, und daß der, welcher schon glaubte die Menschen verführen zu können, er, der da sagen will: Das Materielle ist das einzige -, daß er nicht siegen soll, wurde in so gewaltigen Worten verkündet, und Zarathustra wies schon hin, daß einer kommen wird, wenn die Zeiten erfüllt sind, der in Menschengestalt sein wird die Verkörperung all der Mächte, die die Welt durchwallen und durchweben, die jetzt nur vorverkündet werden; Saoshyant nennt er ihn, der da sein wird die Macht, die in der Sonne lebt, die man nur durch die äußere Hülle jetzt sehen kann, der da kommen wird in Menschengestalt. Der Zarathustra verkündet den Christus vorher. Zwei Schüler hatte Zarathustra, die er nicht dazu unterrichtete, daß sie hinausgehen sollten, um die Perser zu lehren. Sie gehörten zu denjenigen Schülern, die sich immer bei den großen Eingeweihten finden, die in der Stille sich vorbereiten für ihren künftigen Beruf, die zunächst verzichten darauf, hinauszutreten und zu lehren. Hermes, der große ägyptische Lehrer, und Moses waren in einer früheren Inkarnation diese beiden Schüler.
So war es, was da ausstrahlte in der zweiten nachatlantischen Kultur; so mußte es sein, weil ja die Menschheit um eine Stufe vorgeschritten war und die Menschen etwas lieber gewonnen hatten den physischen Plan. Aber durch dieses verdunkelte sich in gewisser Weise dasjenige, was zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt erlebt werden konnte. Zwar waren die Menschen noch immer sehend in der geistigen Welt, aber nicht mehr in jener Klarheit wie in der altindischen Kulturepoche. Abgeblaßter und dunkler war es, wenn die Seelen aus den persischen Leibern ins Devachan eintraten, und ungeschickter wurden im Devachan die Menschen zu den Handlungen dort in demselben Maße, als sie geschickter wurden in der Bearbeitung des Äußeren. Haben wir eine aufsteigende Linie außen, so haben wir eine absteigende in der Welt nach dem Tode. Und wenn die Eingeweihten hinüberwanderten - das ist eine geistige Wanderung, die Eingeweihten bleiben dabei mit dem physischen Leib verbunden - in die jenseitige Welt, um die Menschen zu besuchen, die sich zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt befanden, dann konnten sie vieles sagen über das Wichtige, was früher die Menschen gesehen hatten, und was sich jetzt, im physischen Leben, verdunkelt hatte. Sie konnten Lehrer sein der höheren geistigen Tatsachen und Weisheiten, die allmählich für den Menschen verblaßten zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, aber noch nichts konnten sie mitteilen über das, was in der physischen Welt vorging. Das hatte noch nicht die große Bedeutung für das Jenseits. Hätten sie erzählt, was da die Menschen trieben, so würde das nichts Erhebendes gewesen sein für die Menschen im Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Es ging drüben nur vor sich, was die Folge der geistigen Welt war. Kein Ereignis ging vor sich auf dem physischen Plan, das der Mitteilung wert gewesen wäre für die jenseitige Welt.
Es kam die ägyptische Zeit. Noch lieber hatten die Menschen den physischen Plan gewonnen, noch geschickter und einflußreicher waren sie darauf geworden. Nicht mehr Maja, Illusion war er ihnen. Hinauf schauten die Menschen zu den Sternen und in den Sternbildern und den Bewegungen der Sterne sahen sie eine Schrift der Götter. Offenbarungen der göttlich-geistigen Wesenheiten sahen sie im Physischen. Und unten bearbeiteten sie die Erde mit dem Wissen, das sie gewinnen konnten mit ihren menschlichen Kräften. Wir brauchen nur an die Bearbeitung des Bodens zu denken. Immer fester schloß sich der Bund zwischen den menschlichen Geisteskräften, die der Mensch mitgebracht hat von der geistigen Welt herein in die physische, und dieser physischen Welt. Jetzt wurde Hermes in seiner neuen Verkörperung der erste wichtige Lehrer Ägyptens. Was er lehren konnte, davon wollen wir uns eine Vorstellung machen. Vor allen Dingen wird uns klar vor die Seele treten, was Hermes seine Ägypter lehren konnte, wenn wir uns die Osiris-Gestalt gerade von der Seite vor Augen führen, in der sie uns heute von Interesse sein kann. .
Osiris ist gewissermaßen der Mittelpunkt Ägyptens, der unter allen Göttern vorzugsweise verehrt wurde. Unter mancherlei Namen wurden die ägyptischen Götter verehrt von Laien, Eingeweihten und Priestern. Ihr kennt die Osiris-Sage. Es wird erzählt, daß Osiris die Menschen beherrscht hat, daß sein böser Bruder Typhon gekommen ist, ihn auf listige Weise in einen Kasten gelegt hat, daß er ihn in diesem in das Meer hinausgeworfen hat, daß zurückgeblieben ist die trauernde Gattin Isis, die den Leichnam gesucht und gefunden hat, den Osiris aber nicht mehr hat hereinholen können in diese Welt, daß vom Jenseits ein Strahl des Osiris hereinfiel auf Isis und sie den Nachfolger des Osiris für diese Erde, den Horus geboren hat. Osiris blieb in der jenseitigen Welt. Und was wurde dem Ägypter gesagt? Es wurde ihm gesagt: Siehe, Osiris ist eine Wesenheit, die nahe steht den Menschen. Er ist eine der letzten Wesenheiten, mit denen die Menschen zusammen waren, als sie oben in der geistigen Welt bewußt lebten. Die Menschen sind heruntergestiegen in die physische Welt, um sich weiter zu entwickeln hier, damit sie wieder hinaufgehen können, bereichert mit den Erfahrungen der physischen Welt. Osiris ist eine von den Gestalten, die es nicht mehr nötig hatten, bis zur physischen Welt herunterzusteigen, weil sie schon früher so hoch gekommen waren, daß sie das nicht brauchten. Sie bewegten sich um eine Stufe höher; sie waren nicht geschaffen, in einem physischen Körper, der der Kasten ist, zu verweilen. Mit ihm konnten sie nur in eine flüchtige Berührung kommen. Osiris kann nur gefunden werden, wenn der Mensch in das andere Leben hinüberschreitet. Er ist die letzte Gestalt, die ihr noch erleben könnt sprach der Eingeweihte zum Ägypter -, wenn ihr euch würdig macht, wenn ihr allen Vorschriften folgt. Da werdet ihr nach dem Tode, wenn ihr gerichtet werdet, zusammensein mit Osiris. Er wird eure Wesenheit sozusagen bilden; ihr werdet euch wie Glieder des Osiris fühlen. - Also hinter den Tod mußten die verwiesen werden, die mit Osiris zusammenkommen wollten. Aber da noch mehr verblaßt war, was die Menschen nach dem Tode erleben konnten, so war es so, daß sie da, wenn sie auch vereint waren mit Osiris, nur matt und schwach dasjenige, was ihre höchste Seligkeit bildete - die Vereinigung mit Osiris -, erleben konnten. Aber sie wußten fest im Diesseits, durch den Glauben, den ihnen die Priester einprägen konnten, sie wußten und hofften es, daß sie vereint sein würden mit Osiris, und in Feieraugenblicken fühlten sie sich drüben auch als Glieder, die zur Osiris-Seele gehörten. Nach und nach mattete sich dieses Bewußtsein der Zusammengehörigkeit ab. Wie die Kultur auf dem physischen Plan höherstieg, so wurde die Kultur in der geistigen Welt zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt immer geringer. Immer schwächer sahen die Menschen in der devachanischen Welt. Und wenn dann die Eingeweihten hinüberkamen in die jenseitige Welt, konnten sie noch immer nichts erzählen, daß etwas vorgegangen wäre in der physischen Welt, das eine besondere Bedeutung hätte für die jenseitige Welt. Was da geschah, war nur die Folge der geistigen Welt. Es konnte die Seelen der Toten nicht viel interessieren, was in der physischen Welt geschah. Was man tun konnte, war die Vorbereitung für die Osiris-Miterlebung, aber das war nur Vorbereitung für das, was sie drüben bekommen in den geistigen Urgründen.
Dann kam die griechisch-römische Zeit, die vierte nachatlantische Kulturepoche. Da wurde die Ehe zwischen dem Menschengeist und der äußeren Materie noch inniger geschlossen, und auf dieser Ehe zwischen den geistigen Fähigkeiten des Menschen und dem äußeren physischen Leben beruht das Herrliche der griechischen Kultur. Wenn wir den griechischen Tempel in seinen wunderbaren Formen vor uns haben - auch noch in seinen Nachklängen, etwa im Tempel von Paestum -, dann sehen wir, was dieser menschliche Geist in der Besiegung der äußeren Materie erlangt hat. In den Linien und Kräfteverteilungen des griechischen Tempels ist das Höchste in bezug auf Architektur erreicht. Der griechische Tempel stellt dar solch ein Wunderwerk der Architektur und Kunst, weil alles, was da ist, Ausdruck ist des Geistigen. Deshalb ist es so beseligend, in die Harmonie des griechischen Tempels hineinzuschauen. Und ein Eigenartiges muß gesagt werden, was für das hellseherische Bewußtsein gegenüber dem Betrachten eines griechischen Tempels auftritt. Nehmen wir an, das hellseherische Bewußtsein stünde vor den letzten Nachklängen eines griechischen Tempels, wie dem in dorischem Stile erbauten von Paestum in Süditalien, und es könnte noch die Nachwirkungen fühlen, die der Grieche auf dem physischen Plan gefühlt hat, nehmen wir an, es könne an einem solchen Werke das hellseherische Bewußtsein, wenn es im Leibe die physische Form schaut, erleben alle Wonne, die man wirklich erleben kann da, dann ginge es dem hellseherischen Bewußtsein so: Wenn es herausgeht, sich nicht bedient der physischen Organe und geistig schaut, dann ist der griechische Tempel mit all seinen Herrlichkeiten in der geistigen Welt verschwunden. Was so vollkommen, groß, gewaltig, herrlich in der physischen Welt ist, es kann nicht hinübergenommen werden - auch nicht für ein heutiges hellseherisches Bewußtsein - in die geistige Welt. An der Stelle im Raum, wo der herrliche Tempel gesehen worden ist, ist in der geistigen Welt entsprechend nichts! Und so war es mit allen großen Kulturwerken in jener bewunderungswürdigen Zeit, der griechisch-lateinischen. Ja, es war noch in anderer Beziehung so. Es war ja dieser selbe Zeitraum, wo in Rom das Persönlichkeitsbewußtsein des Menschen sich am stärksten hier in der physischen Welt auslebte. Der Römer fühlte sich zuerst als persönlicher Erdenbürger, sich zuerst fest auf dieser Erde stehen. In demselben Maße, in dem der Mensch sich so fest auf der Erde fühlte, fühlte er sich schwach zwischen Tod und einer neuen Geburt, schwach und matt und ungeschickt für das Jenseitige. Noch mehr als früher war das Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt abgeblaßt. Von allem, was so herrlich im Diesseits erlebt wurde, konnte nichts hinübergenommen werden in das Jenseits.
Es ist keine Legende, was aus dieser griechischen Zeit überliefert wird, daß einer der herrlichsten Helden, der von einem Eingeweihten in der Unterwelt besucht wurde, im Reiche der Schatten, sagte: Lieber ein Bettler sein in der Oberwelt, als König im Reiche der Schatten -, weil der Mensch zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt sich wie schattenhaft und verblaßt fühlte und sich mit allem sehnte nach dem Leben zwischen der Geburt und dem Tode, das von solchen Schönheiten und solch Großem angefüllt war. Sozusagen bis zur vollkommensten Ehe zwischen dem menschlichen Geist und der äußeren Form war das Leben herabgestiegen; dafür war hinuntergegangen das Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt.
In diese Zeit hinein fiel das Ereignis, das vorbereitet wurde durch den anderen Eingeweihten, der schon ein Zarathustra-Schüler war, durch Moses. Moses war ausersehen, zuerst in der Form, wie es damals geschehen konnte, einen Gott zu verkünden, der sich in der physischen Welt auch offenbaren kann, der in der physischen Welt auch da ist. Allerdings geschah diese Offenbarung so, daß dasjenige, was mit den Sinnen noch nicht erfaßt werden kann, daß das werden sollte das einzige Abbild des Gottes, der durch die Welt webt. Und als sich Moses ankündigte bei dem Ausgangspunkt seiner Mission das «Ehjeh ascher ehjeh» - Ich bin der Ich-bin -, da war dies die erste Ankündigung des Gottes, der nunmehr nicht bloß in der jenseitigen Welt gefunden wird, der herübergegangen ist in die diesseitige Welt und da erlebt werden soll. Die Jahve-Gestalt kündigte sich an durch diesen zweiten der Zarathustra-Schüler, und vorbereitet wurde durch sie die große Erscheinung des Christus, das Mysterium von Golgatha. Was dieses Mysterium von Golgatha für den physischen Plan bedeutet, das wißt Ihr zum Teil: einen tatsächlichen Beweis, daß das Leben im Geiste den Tod besiegt. Das ist dadurch erreicht worden, daß dasjenige, was die Propheten verkündigt haben, was da war selbst bei der Schöpfung aller Naturreiche, daß das auf der Erde wandelte. Mit Recht benennt man gerade mit einem griechischen Namen dieses Urwesen der Welt, das der Sonne Geist ist; denn es konnte und mußte in der griechischen Zeit erscheinen, als die Menschheit den Impuls nach aufwärts brauchte. Zum ewigen Gedenken daran, daß es in dieser Zeit geschehen mußte, wird das Wesen, das im Jesus von Nazareth sich verkörpert hat, mit dem Christus-Namen benannt. Dieser Name ist dem Zeitalter entnommen, wo Christus erscheinen mußte.
In demselben Augenblick, wo die Jesus-von-Nazareth-Hülle auf Golgatha starb, da geschah etwas, was nicht etwa bloß eine Legende ist, sondern was heute noch von jedem, der dazu die nötige Vorbereitung hat auf dem Wege der Geisteswissenschaft, nachgeprüft werden kann. In demselben Augenblick, wo der Tod am Kreuze eintrat, da erschien der Christus in der anderen Welt bei den Toten, bei denen, die waren zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, und es war wie ein blitzartiger Einschlag in dem Moment auf jener anderen Seite der Welt. Es wirkte wie ein Blitz, wie erhellend das bis zum Schattendasein abgemattete Leben im Jenseits, dieses Erscheinen des Christus. Denn zum ersten Male konnte jetzt etwas verkündet werden in der Welt nach dem Tode, was anders war als dasjenige, was die früheren Eingeweihten verkünden konnten, wenn sie hinübergingen in die jenseitige Welt. Noch ein Eingeweihter der Eleusinischen Mysterien hätte höchstens verkünden können von den Schönheiten der physischen Welt, die der Tote nicht mehr sehen konnte und erst recht hätte er die Sehnsucht erweckt nach dem Physischen. Er würde den Toten nichts besonderes gebracht haben, wenn er ihnen verkündet hätte dasjenige, was in der fleischlichen Welt sich abspielte. Das aber war die erste Verkündigung, die der Christus bei den Toten tun konnte davon, daß in der Welt des Diesseits, zwischen Geburt und Tod, sich etwas abgespielt hat, was nicht nur Bedeutung für das Diesseits hat, sondern hinein sich fortsetzt in das jenseitige Leben. Was drüben in der physischen Welt geschehen war, war ein Ereignis, das hinüberlebte in die geistige Welt. Und das können wir im einzelnen erleben, wie es hinüberwirkt. Wenn wir den schönsten Tempel, das schönste Kulturwerk der alten griechischen Zeit in der diesseitigen Welt betrachten und Seligkeit dadurch erleben - es verblaßt und ist nicht mehr da in der jenseitigen. Wenn wir uns aber in das Johannes-Evangelium vertiefen oder in die Apokalypse, die da verkündigen die Ereignisse, die anknüpfen an das Mysterium von Golgatha, dann erleben wir hier Großes in der diesseitigen Welt. Wir können da wunderbare Erlebnisse haben, wenn wir sie auf uns wirken lassen, wenn das hellseherische Bewußtsein sie auf sich wirken läßt, und wenn wir dann hinüberleben in die geistige Welt, dann blassen die Empfindungen nicht ab, sondern setzen sich fort und werden erst herrlich und verständlich in der geistigen Welt. Dort haben wir es noch herrlicher, was anknüpft an das Ereignis von Golgatha.
So ist es nicht mit allem, was sich daran anknüpft. Mögt Ihr noch so sehr bewundern die Pyramiden, nur ein schwacher Nachklang kann drüben in der jenseitigen Welt empfunden werden; möge man aufgehen in Wonne beim Anblick eines griechischen Tempels oder einer griechischen Tragödie, nichts pflanzt sich hinüber in die jenseitige Welt, weder für einen Eingeweihten noch für den Nichteingeweihten. Steht Ihr aber vor einem Bild des Raffael, in dem die christlichen Wahrheiten verarbeitet sind: Ihr nehmt des Bildes schönsten Teil mit hinüber in die geistige Welt, und drüben gehen Euch auf die Dinge, die Ihr hier noch gar nicht sehen könnt. Drüben werden sie zu einem Licht, das die geistige Welt neu aufhellt, und so war durch das Ereignis von Golgatha das erste Aufleuchten mit der Erscheinung des Christus in der Welt der Schatten. Und immer mehr und mehr, durch alles, was durch das Christentum in die Welt gekommen ist, wird es aufleuchten in der geistigen Welt. In dieser Weise steigt die Kultur herunter von den Höhen der atlantischen Welt bis zur griechisch-lateinischen Zeit, wo die Menschen in bezug auf das Erleben in der geistigen Welt am meisten in der Dekadenz waren, und wo sie am tiefsten in die materielle Welt sanken. Am ödesten empfanden die Menschen der damaligen Zeit das Dasein zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt in der geistigen Welt. Jetzt fiel mit dem Erscheinen des Christus in der «Unterwelt» der große Lichtimpuls hinein; immer heller und heller wird das Dasein zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Nun geht es hinauf; es beginnt die aufsteigende Richtung in der Geschichte des jenseitigen Lebens. Das Christentum ist heute erst im Anfang. Immer mehr und mehr wird es sich zeigen, daß durch dasjenige, was der Mensch hier erleben kann, er immer geistiger und geistiger wird, daß er mitnimmt, was er in Anknüpfung an dieses Ereignis von Golgatha hier erlebt, in die jenseitige Welt, daß es in der geistigen Welt eine aufsteigende Richtung gibt.
So geht drüben in der Welt zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt auch eine Geschichte vor, und wenn wir diese Geschichte der verborgenen Seite der Welt betrachten, dann sehen wir, welch unbegrenzt große Bedeutung das Mysterium von Golgatha hat. Denn es hat ja nicht nur Bedeutung in der physischen Welt; es hat Bedeutung für die sogenannten drei Welten, in denen der Mensch lebt. Ja, die Wesenheit, die mit unserer Evolution verbunden ist, die alles, was um uns herum ist, mitgeschaffen hat, die im Jesus von Nazareth lebte, die damals sagte: Wie werdet ihr mir glauben, wenn ihr nicht Moses und den Propheten glaubt, denn die haben von mir gesprochen in alten Zeiten -, deutlich hinweisend darauf, daß Moses gesprochen hat von ihm da, wo er gesprochen hat davon, daß sich ihm angekündigt hat die göttliche Wesenheit in dem «Ich bin der Ich-bin». - Die Wesenheit im Jesus von Nazareth hat etwas vollbracht in unserer Welt, das nicht nur Bedeutung hat für den physischen Plan, sondern das als das erschütterndste Ereignis durchwirkte durch die drei Welten, von der physischen bis in die geistige Welt. So gewaltig steht durch die okkulte Geschichte dieses Ereignis von Golgatha vor unserer Seele.
Occult History I
Today we will deal with a chapter from the field of theosophy, which on the one hand will follow on somewhat from various things we discussed in our last course here, but which in a certain respect is nevertheless quite independent. In the sense that has already been characterized here, we will again discuss something that applies to more advanced students, not in the sense that one needs to be advanced in terms of intellect and knowledge, but advanced in terms of the feelings one needs to perceive higher truths, which very often appear paradoxical, strange, or fantastic to the materialistic mind. in the sense of taking them in not as everyday events, but as something not only possible, but real.
Today we want to bring a chapter from occult history to mind. We all know what history is in the outer, physical sense. Everyone knows that history represents the successive facts of the external physical world as far back as human beings can trace them, either by means of documents, records, or traditions. In the field of spiritual science, we go even further back in this external history, to the spiritual records available to us, back to the great Atlantic flood. We observe the successive cultural epochs according to the same principle, going back even beyond this great flood, which has been preserved in the flood legends of various peoples, and going back very, very far in time. All of this, however, is history, researched by occult means, but in a certain sense it is still external, physical, or more or less physical factual history. But there is also an occult history, and you will understand how this can be when you ask yourself the following question: All your souls lived before they entered the bodies of our present cultures, apart from everything that came before, in ancient Indian, ancient Persian, Egyptian-Chaldean, Greek-Roman bodies, and so on. When these souls entered the outer physical plane through birth, they saw what can be experienced on the physical plane. These souls looked out upon the works of ancient Indian culture, they saw the gigantic pyramids of the Egyptians, the Greek temples, and so on. From this we can all form a picture of how progressive the events are that human beings go through in the course of history on the outer physical plane in the life between birth and death. Now, however, one may ask the question: What happens when the soul passes through the gate of death and goes through life between death and a new birth? These souls, which are now incarnated, passed through death in ancient India, ancient Persia, and so on. Did the same thing always happen between death and a new birth? Is there perhaps something like a history on the other side of life, which we go through between death and a new birth? Did souls experience something different when they passed through the gate of death in ancient India or ancient Persia and so on, and do they experience something different today in our present cycle? Is there something like a sequence of events taking place over there?
Today we are discussing what happens between death and a new birth, as an experience of the Kamaloka period, the time of Devachan until a new incarnation, and we are right to discuss it in this way. Some anthroposophists will be aware that this is the same for all times. It would be wrong to believe this. For just as the soul experiences different things in successive times when it passes through the gate of birth, so too are the events between death and a new birth subject to a history. We are right to discuss these events today as we do, because that is how they unfold. But there is also a history there, and the facts are not the same in all times, and today we want to consider a little of what the other side of existence goes through in terms of history, essentially in the post-Atlantean time. To do this, it is good to take a look at some familiar things, at the ancient Atlantean time.
You know that life in the Atlantean era was different than it was later. When the soul of the ancient Atlantean left the physical and etheric bodies at night and ascended into the spiritual worlds, darkness and gloom did not spread as they do today. Instead, the soul was then in the night consciousness to a high degree in divine-spiritual worlds; divine-spiritual beings were its companions. This change between day and night was quite different in the old Atlantean time. When the Atlantean woke up early, that is, when he re-entered his physical and etheric bodies with his astral body and ego, he did not see external objects with sharp outlines as we do today, but rather blurred, as as when we go out in the evening when there is a thick November fog and we do not see the lanterns clearly and sharply outlined, but surrounded by an aura. This is how indistinctly the Atlantean primitive human being saw everything on the physical plane. Gradually, objects took on sharp contours in daytime consciousness. When he stepped out in the evening with his astral body and ego from the physical and etheric bodies, he was not in a world of unconsciousness; he had blurred but thoroughly experienced ideas of the divine-spiritual worlds. And what has been preserved as the names and ideas of gods, such as Wotan, Thor, Baldur, Zeus, Apollo, are not mere figments of the imagination, but beings that humans themselves experienced in ancient Atlantean times.
Then came the great flood. The most advanced part of the Atlanteans went from west to east, settled the European lands, moved to Asia, and founded in Central Asia the great cultural colony of Manu, who was the leader of this then highly developed, most advanced group of Atlanteans, which then gave rise to the various cultural epochs from Central Asia. We must imagine that Asia and Africa were populated by earlier and later migrations and by other people, descendants of earlier epochs, and that these colonies moved in different directions to spread new cultural currents. The first went from Central Asia to India. Manu, who was in seclusion for certain reasons, sent his first disciples to India. Manu's first disciples became the teachers and leaders of the first post-Atlantean cultural people, the ancient Indian people. There, the first culture arose under the influence of the first post-Atlantean teachers, the ancient, holy Rishis.
We already know the basic mood of this culture. The disciples of the rishis had a kind of memory of ancient times, of how they had been in Atlantis, how they themselves had been companions and fellow beings of the gods. That was their real home, in the spiritual world. Now we have been transferred to the physical world. That is why we find in India such a great longing for the spiritual homeland of humanity. People felt alien in the physical world. Illusion, Maya, mere outward expression of the actual spiritual was what this was to them. Hence the longing for the spiritual, hence the view of the physical world as illusion, deception, Maya. They did not yet love the physical world; they still longed for the spiritual world. They saw the stars, the rivers, the mountains, but that did not interest them yet. What took place between birth and death was illusion, Maya. They knew that between death and a new birth they lived in the spiritual homeland. That was the basic mood of the ancient Indians. But they continually received knowledge and communication from the spiritual worlds through the holy Rishis, the disciples of the great Manu. And it is good for us to form certain ideas about the nature of these great Indian teachers. Anyone who can gain an inkling of what was going on spiritually at that time in the northern part of India between the rishis and their disciples is, so to speak, filled with a feeling of deepest, most sacred reverence when they contemplate this first starting point of post-Atlantean humanity. It is hardly possible today, after human beings have gone so far out into the physical plane and have adopted such a materialistic way of thinking, for anyone to form a good idea—unless they constantly seek to acquire this idea through the secret science—of the kind of knowledge that Manu brought with him from the ancient Atlantean time from the West to the East. For even if the book with the twelve chapters, in which the Manu had preserved the ancient tradition of the earth, in which was written down what could be proclaimed as laws in ancient times when people were in the bosom of the gods, were to be placed before people today, they would understand nothing of this book. Nevertheless, it contained the instructions that Manu gave to his most intimate disciples, and through which the seven holy Rishis were able to prepare themselves for their profession.If we want to form an idea of the holy Rishis, we can do so in the following way: Anyone who had seen them in life would have seen them as simple people. For a large part of their lives, they were such simple people.
But then times came upon these Rishis when they were something quite different from ordinary human beings. They were not scholars in the modern sense; during this time, they were mouthpieces and instruments of higher spiritual beings. Higher spiritual beings animated the Rishis in those ancient times, and when the Rishis spoke, they did not speak what they knew, but what the spirit that had entered them spoke. The essence of a higher spirit permeated the physical bodies of the holy Rishis, and it was the seven planetary spirits themselves that were connected with the first post-Atlantean human culture at that time, the seven spirits of our planetary world. They spoke through the mouths of the Rishis, who were merely instruments of the seven planetary rulers of our universe, and they spoke great and meaningful magic words that had magical effects. These were not merely words of teaching, but commands for what people had to do at that time, messages from the cosmos; these were spoken by the seven holy Rishis.
What is later contained in the Vedic literature is only a faint echo of the great and mighty things that flowed from the cosmos itself through the instrument of the holy Rishis as the first manifestation of the post-Atlantean divine to humanity. But only at certain times were the Rishis inspired by the planetary spirits. They were therefore able to communicate great and powerful things to human beings. Much greater and more powerful things were spoken to human beings through them when they were between birth and death in this first post-Atlantean period than in the world beyond, for the Rishis were able to reveal all the secrets that human beings could no longer look up to from the physical world.
It is so with initiates that they can not only move in this world, not only be teachers here, but that they also pass over into alternating states of consciousness—even while they are in the physical body—into the spiritual world and become teachers between death and a new birth. The great teachers teach here and there; they also continue to teach between death and rebirth. The Rishis were also the teachers of people in the afterlife. There they could proclaim the same great spiritual truths that they could speak of here in the physical world, but they could not tell the dead anything particularly valuable about the other side of existence, about the physical world. Nothing happened there that could be of value for life after death. The ancient Indian longed for this life between death and rebirth. He was happy to be in this life and had no inclination toward physical life. And so the life of the ancient Indian, when he passed through the afterlife, was such that he was not only knowledgeable to a certain degree, not only saw the events that were taking place up to a certain height. He could also—because human beings must do something in the other world—work skillfully there. The souls of the ancient Indians were much more skilled at working over there than here. The tools of the physical world were simple and primitive at that time. People were still clumsy on the physical plane, but over there they possessed great skill. It had remained with them from an earlier time. People developed a more lively life between death and a new birth than here in the physical world. People were more active and lively over there. The spiritual world deeply satisfied them; everything was light and bright after death.
Then world history continued. The pre-Persian culture began. On the physical plane, man has progressed a little further in that he has now begun to love the physical plane. They already want to do work on the physical plane and feel that they should use their spiritual powers to work on the earth. The Persians gained a little more love for the culture inspired by Manu. Zarathustra now became the great teacher. What had flowed together in teachings from the inspirations of the Rishis now passed through Zarathustra in the second stage of culture. He was a great teacher, and he had to set himself the task of forming a counterweight to what arose of its own accord. People should come to love the physical plane, the physical earth, more and more, should become more conscious of it, should discover the means of culture, settle into the physical plane, and not perceive it merely as an illusion, as Maya, but as a revelation of the divine forces. But Zarathustra told them: In the material there lives something that is the opposite of the purely spiritual; mixed with the material is the power of evil. But if you unite yourselves with the servants of the good spirit, then in union with them you will overcome what is mixed with the material as evil. It could not be otherwise than that there was already the danger of losing the first glimmer of the same, of losing all connection with the spiritual. Therefore, the teachers had the special task, in addition to telling stories about the spiritual world, of making people aware that the spiritual reveals itself in the material, and those who had fallen into an exaggerated belief in the material had to be brought back to faith in the spirit, to faith that God reveals Himself in the material.
That was what Zarathustra had to proclaim. He spoke powerful words. In today's languages, it is no longer possible to convey an idea of the fiery words with which he proclaimed what he could still see, since he was the successor of the disciples of Manu. For example, when he looked at the sun, he saw not only the outer physical sun, but also the spiritual beings living in the sun, of which the physical sun is only the physical body, and he called these spiritual beings Ahura Mazda, the great sun aura that became Ahura Mazda or Ormuzd. From this came the inspiration for all the teachings he was to impress upon the second cultural epoch, which was already falling prey to the temptations of Ahriman. These were powerful words that Zarathustra proclaimed to humanity. He said, for example: I will speak, now listen and hear me, you who desire it from near and far. Mark everything carefully. For He is manifest; no longer shall the false teacher corrupt the world, he who is evil, who has professed evil faith with his mouth. I will speak of what is greatest in the world, what He has revealed to me, He who is mighty. Whoever does not follow my words as I mean them will experience misery at the end of the world. That He, the great spirit who permeates the world, is manifest in the external world, and that he who already believed he could seduce mankind, he who wants to say: “The material is the only thing that exists,” that he shall not prevail, was proclaimed in such powerful words, and Zarathustra already pointed out that one would come, when the times are fulfilled, who will be in human form the embodiment of all the powers that surge and weave through the world, which are now only foretold; he calls him Saoshyant, who will be the power that lives in the sun, which can now only be seen through the outer shell, who will come in human form. Zarathustra foretells the Christ. Zarathustra had two disciples whom he did not instruct to go out and teach the Persians. They belonged to those disciples who are always found among the great initiates, who prepare themselves in silence for their future profession, who at first renounce going out and teaching. Hermes, the great Egyptian teacher, and Moses were these two disciples in a previous incarnation.
This was what radiated in the second post-Atlantean culture; it had to be so, because humanity had advanced one step and people had gained something more than the physical plane. But this darkened in a certain way what could be experienced between death and a new birth. Although people could still see into the spiritual world, it was no longer with the same clarity as in the ancient Indian cultural epoch. It was dimmer and darker when souls entered Devachan from Persian bodies, and in Devachan people became less skilled in their actions there to the same extent that they became more skilled in working with the external world. If we have an ascending line on the outside, we have a descending line in the world after death. And when the initiates migrated—this is a spiritual migration, the initiates remain connected to the physical body—to the world beyond in order to visit people who were between death and a new birth, they could say much about the important things that people had seen in the past and which had now become obscured in physical life. They could be teachers of the higher spiritual facts and wisdom that gradually faded for people between death and a new birth, but they could not yet communicate anything about what was happening in the physical world. That did not yet have great significance for the afterlife. If they had told what people were doing there, it would not have been uplifting for people in the life between death and a new birth. Only what was the consequence of the spiritual world took place over there. No event took place on the physical plane that was worth communicating to the world beyond.
Then came the Egyptian era. People had grown even more fond of the physical plane and had become even more skilled and influential on it. It was no longer a maya, an illusion, to them. People looked up at the stars and saw in the constellations and the movements of the stars a writing of the gods. They saw revelations of divine spiritual beings in the physical world. And below, they worked the earth with the knowledge they were able to gain with their human powers. We need only think of the cultivation of the soil. The bond between the human spiritual powers that man brought with him from the spiritual world into the physical world grew ever stronger. Now Hermes, in his new incarnation, became the first important teacher of Egypt. Let us try to imagine what he was able to teach. Above all, it will become clear to us what Hermes was able to teach his Egyptians when we consider the figure of Osiris from the perspective that is of interest to us today.
Osiris is, in a sense, the center of Egypt, who was revered above all other gods. The Egyptian gods were worshipped under various names by laymen, initiates, and priests. You know the legend of Osiris. It is said that Osiris ruled over mankind, that his evil brother Typhon came and cunningly placed him in a chest, and threw him into the sea, leaving behind his grieving wife Isis, who searched for and found the body, but could not bring Osiris back to this world. A ray of Osiris fell from the afterlife onto Isis, and she gave birth to Horus, the successor of Osiris on earth. Osiris remained in the afterlife. And what was said to the Egyptian? He was told: Behold, Osiris is a being who is close to humans. He is one of the last beings with whom humans were together when they lived consciously in the spiritual world above. Humans descended into the physical world in order to develop further here, so that they can ascend again, enriched by the experiences of the physical world. Osiris is one of the beings who no longer needed to descend to the physical world because they had already risen so high that they did not need to. They moved up one level; they were not created to dwell in a physical body, which is the caste. They could only come into fleeting contact with it. Osiris can only be found when a person passes over into the other life. He is the last figure you can still experience, said the initiate to the Egyptian, if you make yourselves worthy, if you follow all the rules. Then, after death, when you are judged, you will be together with Osiris. He will form your essence, so to speak; you will feel like limbs of Osiris. So those who wanted to be with Osiris had to be sent beyond death. But since what people could experience after death was even more vague, even though they were united with Osiris, they could only experience what constituted their highest bliss—union with Osiris—in a faint and weak form. But they knew firmly in this life, through the faith that the priests had instilled in them, they knew and hoped that they would be united with Osiris, and in moments of celebration they also felt themselves to be members belonging to the soul of Osiris. Gradually, this consciousness of belonging together faded away. As culture on the physical plane rose higher, culture in the spiritual world between death and a new birth became increasingly diminished. People in the devachanic world saw less and less. And when the initiates then came over into the world beyond, they still could not tell anything that had happened in the physical world that had any special meaning for the world beyond. What happened there was only the consequence of the spiritual world. The souls of the dead could not be very interested in what was happening in the physical world. What could be done was to prepare for the Osiris experience, but that was only preparation for what they would receive in the spiritual foundations.
Then came the Greco-Roman period, the fourth post-Atlantean cultural epoch. Here, the marriage between the human spirit and outer matter became even more intimate, and it is on this marriage between the spiritual abilities of human beings and outer physical life that the splendor of Greek culture is based. When we look at the Greek temple in its wonderful forms—even in its echoes, such as in the temple at Paestum—we see what the human spirit has achieved in its conquest of outer matter. The lines and distribution of forces in the Greek temple represent the highest achievement in architecture. The Greek temple represents such a marvel of architecture and art because everything there is an expression of the spiritual. That is why it is so blissful to look into the harmony of the Greek temple. And something peculiar must be said about what happens to the clairvoyant consciousness when viewing a Greek temple. Let us assume that clairvoyant consciousness stands before the last echoes of a Greek temple, such as the one built in Doric style at Paestum in southern Italy, and can still feel the aftereffects that the Greeks felt on the physical plane. Let us assume the clairvoyant consciousness, when it sees the physical form in the body, could experience all the delight that can really be experienced there, then the clairvoyant consciousness would experience the following: When it goes out, does not use the physical organs, and sees spiritually, then the Greek temple with all its splendor has disappeared into the spiritual world. What is so perfect, great, mighty, and glorious in the physical world cannot be transferred—not even for today's clairvoyant consciousness—into the spiritual world. In the place in space where the magnificent temple was seen, there is correspondingly nothing in the spiritual world! And so it was with all the great cultural works of that admirable Greek-Latin period. Yes, it was also true in another respect. It was during this same period that the personality consciousness of human beings was most strongly expressed here in the physical world. The Romans first felt themselves to be personal citizens of the earth, firmly standing on this earth. To the same extent that people felt so firmly grounded on earth, they felt weak between death and a new birth, weak and weary and unskilled for the beyond. Even more than before, life between death and a new birth had faded away. Nothing of all that had been experienced so wonderfully in this life could be taken over into the beyond.
It is no legend, as has been handed down from Greek times, that one of the most glorious heroes, who was visited by an initiate in the underworld, said in the realm of shadows: Better to be a beggar in the upper world than a king in the realm of shadows—because between death and a new birth, man felt like a shadow and faded away, longing for the life between birth and death, which was filled with such beauty and greatness. So to speak, life had descended to the most perfect marriage between the human spirit and the outer form; in return, life between death and a new birth had descended.
It was at this time that the event prepared by the other initiate, who was already a disciple of Zarathustra, through Moses, took place. Moses was chosen, first in the form that was possible at that time, to proclaim a God who could also reveal Himself in the physical world, who was also present in the physical world. However, this revelation took place in such a way that that which cannot yet be grasped by the senses was to become the only image of the God who weaves through the world. And when Moses announced himself at the beginning of his mission with the words “Ehjeh ascher ehjeh” — I am who I am — this was the first announcement of the God who is now to be found not only in the otherworldly realm, but who has passed over into this world and is to be experienced here. The figure of Yahweh announced himself through this second of the disciples of Zarathustra, and through them the great appearance of Christ, the mystery of Golgotha, was prepared. You know in part what this mystery of Golgotha means for the physical plane: actual proof that life in the spirit conquers death. This was achieved through what the prophets proclaimed, what was present even at the creation of all the kingdoms of nature, what walked on the earth. It is right to give a Greek name to this primordial being of the world, which is the spirit of the sun, for it could and had to appear in the Greek era, when humanity needed an upward impulse. In eternal remembrance of the fact that this had to happen at that time, the being who incarnated in Jesus of Nazareth is named Christ. This name is taken from the age in which Christ had to appear.
At the very moment when the shell of Jesus of Nazareth died on Golgotha, something happened that is not merely a legend, but something that can still be verified today by anyone who has the necessary preparation on the path of spiritual science. At the very moment when death occurred on the cross, Christ appeared in the other world among the dead, among those who were between death and a new birth, and it was like a flash of lightning at that moment on the other side of the world. It had the effect of a flash of lightning, illuminating the weary life in the afterlife, which had been reduced to a shadow existence, this appearance of Christ. For the first time, something could now be proclaimed in the world after death that was different from what the earlier initiates had been able to proclaim when they passed over into the world beyond. Even an initiate of the Eleusinian mysteries could at most have proclaimed the beauties of the physical world that the dead could no longer see, and he would certainly have awakened a longing for the physical. He would not have brought anything special to the dead if he had told them what was happening in the physical world. But this was the first proclamation that Christ could make to the dead, that something had happened in the world of the here and now, between birth and death, which not only had meaning for the here and now, but continued into the life beyond. What had happened over there in the physical world was an event that lived on in the spiritual world. And we can experience in detail how it continues to have an effect. When we look at the most beautiful temple, the most beautiful cultural work of ancient Greece in the world here, and experience bliss as a result, it fades away and is no longer there in the world beyond. But when we immerse ourselves in the Gospel of John or in the Apocalypse, which proclaim the events that follow on from the Mystery of Golgotha, then we experience great things here in the world we live in. We can have wonderful experiences there if we allow them to affect us, if our clairvoyant consciousness allows them to affect us, and if we then pass over into the spiritual world, then the sensations do not fade away, but continue and only become glorious and understandable in the spiritual world. There we have even more wonderful things that are connected with the event of Golgotha.This is not the case with everything that is connected with it. No matter how much you admire the pyramids, only a faint echo can be felt in the world beyond; no matter how much you revel in the sight of a Greek temple or a Greek tragedy, nothing is transferred to the world beyond, neither for the initiated nor for the uninitiated. But if you stand before a painting by Raphael in which Christian truths are incorporated, you take the most beautiful part of the painting with you into the spiritual world, and over there you will understand things that you cannot yet see here. Over there, they become a light that illuminates the spiritual world anew, and so the event of Golgotha was the first glimmer of light with the appearance of Christ in the world of shadows. And more and more, through everything that has come into the world through Christianity, it will shine forth in the spiritual world. In this way, culture descends from the heights of the Atlantean world to the Greco-Latin period, when people were at their most decadent in terms of their experience of the spiritual world and sank deepest into the material world. The people of that time found existence between death and new birth in the spiritual world most desolate. Now, with the appearance of Christ in the “underworld,” the great impulse of light fell into it; existence between death and new birth is becoming brighter and brighter. Now it is going upward; the ascending direction in the history of the afterlife is beginning. Christianity is only in its infancy today. It will become increasingly clear that through what human beings can experience here, they become more and more spiritual, that they take with them into the world beyond what they experience here in connection with the event at Golgotha, that there is an upward direction in the spiritual world.
Thus, in the world between death and a new birth, a story also unfolds, and when we consider this story of the hidden side of the world, we see the infinitely great significance of the mystery of Golgotha. For it has significance not only in the physical world; it has significance for the so-called three worlds in which human beings live. Yes, the being that is connected with our evolution, that co-created everything around us, that lived in Jesus of Nazareth, who said at that time: How will you believe me if you do not believe Moses and the prophets, for they spoke of me in ancient times—clearly pointing out that Moses spoke of him where he spoke of the divine being announcing itself to him in the “I am that I am.” The Being in Jesus of Nazareth accomplished something in our world that is not only significant on the physical plane, but which, as the most shattering event, permeated the three worlds, from the physical to the spiritual world. Through the occult history of this event at Golgotha, it stands before our soul in all its power.