Answers Provided by Anthroposophy
Concerning the World and Life
GA 108
23 November 1908, Berlin
Translated by Hanna von Maltitz
2. What is Self Knowledge?
The day before yesterday we considered one the most important occult themes namely getting a glimpse into the Higher Worlds. Yesterday we had an open lecture in which we occupied ourselves with which method and tasks are needed to reach the stage when the slumbering soul's capabilities and powers can be awakened in order to make knowledge of the Higher Worlds possible. The theme to which we will apply ourselves today relates in a particular way to both of these, and stand in a certain relationship to all anthroposophical striving. What is so often expressed theoretically is that anthroposophic occult science can be nothing other than an all-encompassing, universal self-knowledge of mankind, a self-knowledge which leads to the deepest origins, the deepest existence of the individual “I” and how it is enclosed in World Knowledge. Not only, I can say, do you find this expressed often in theosophical literature and elsewhere, but is adhered to; genuine self-knowledge is an accompanying phenomenon which needs to run parallel with all real research into the areas of the Higher Worlds, running parallel with development of all our inner soul forces. The “Know Thyself” ancient human expression means a great deal, even much more so for the Anthroposophist. Today we want to explore that which we call in the occult scientific sense self-knowledge in relation to the most varied stages of human development. We will commence with the most ordinary, everyday self-knowledge and rise up to this self-knowledge which can be called World Knowledge in the anthroposophic sense; and to above all, relate each single element we discuss to what could be called “occult scientific” with constant consideration to the occult side.
Self-knowledge is considered so much more important within the anthroposophic world view because it, when understood correctly, can include the most High within anthroposophic striving, but falsely understood, can become extremely dangerous. Incorrectly understood self-knowledge tends to appear particularly at the beginning of the path of spiritual scientific striving which is pointed out in Anthroposophy, earlier rather than leading towards it. Goethe, with many references to this familiar field, once said that he has a particular distrust in the expression “self-knowledge,” as it means something which the human being represents basically as some kind of false melancholy, self-anaesthesia, caught up in an incorrect channel. This is correct throughout. We always have an opportunity in the occult scientific field to gaze at the complexity of human nature when we remember what we all know: with anthroposophic insight we have human members in the physical body, which comprises the ether and astral body, and what we call the actual Ego- or “I”-carrier (Ich-Träger). When we look at that which we basically call the Self, with all these members linked to human nature, we easily come to the conclusion that self-knowledge is something extraordinarily complex.
To anticipate the simplest, humblest type of self-knowledge, we must remember to differentiate between these four members of human nature—according to the present relationships between these members—the wakeful and dreamless sleeping human being of which we can now say: the sleeping human being's physical and ether bodies are loosened from the astral and I-bearer and the latter two are outside the body. We know at the same time that it is normal in the present human cycle, that the human “I” can only become self aware when using physical organs, and make observations on the physical plane. Thus we speak as it were in a spiritual scientific sense if an I-bearer existing through those conditions called unconscious sleep. We have to say that this I-bearer only develops consciousness and self-consciousness while entering directly into the field of observation and use physical organs, thus taken up into the physical and ether bodies. There we have today's normal human self consciousness before us and need ask: what is the being of this self-consciousness at the lowest level? Better even is to describe the question thus: How does the human being, how do we, come to understand that which lives in the physical body from morning to night, using physical organs—how do we arrive at knowledge of this being, or even of the self? We can easily believe that we need to look within and thus investigate ourselves. Here we discover all possible kinds of self-knowledge which could be cultivated and recommended. For example a person is advised to observe what he or she does, what their characteristics and faults are, they should brood within and search for their worth, how efficient they appear in one or the other activity—that kind of thing. Here already dangers arise in false understanding of self-knowledge and for this reason we must speak about these dangers. We always have it in mind that we should strive to rise towards the Higher Worlds. We also know that this rising up is something which makes a person quite different from what he or she was before, and therefore it is natural that various hindrances are encountered on the way. Through false self-knowledge the ascent becomes just as dangerous as it becomes firstly possible through genuine self-knowledge. This kind of self-knowledge which could rather be called the brooding of the everyday “I,” an awareness of faults, is false and a danger which works backward in fact, because a comprehensive measure for judgement is missing.
When a person, through ordinary consideration of his merits and faults says: “This you have done well, that you have not done well, you must improve,” it appears that he has developed a measure with which to orientate himself. This measure becomes so to speak the yard stick for all which the person will portray in future. In this way a person will never rise above himself and this is exactly what the Anthroposophist always recites to himself: “Don't remain stuck, on the contrary, again and again, step by step, move out of this fixed point”—a saying which should be taken to heart: Everything undertaken with reference to soul development as an advancement on your life path, is good; everything which holds you back at this point is basically a loss for the soul.—No self-knowledge which draws you into being overcome with remorse or drives one to self satisfaction, brings you forward. Only if we want to reach the possibility to have insight into what really matters, must we ask the following question: On what does the human being usually depend?—You can easily consider the following: How would it have been in my imagination, my experiences and feelings if this individuality which has gone from one incarnation to the next and which will repeat future incarnations, how would it have been if this individuality had not, for instance, been born at such and such a date in Vienna, but rather about fifty years earlier in Moscow? What kind of experiences, feelings, imaginations, thoughts and ideas would this individuality develop to create the characteristic keynote of his life? Something quite different! You easily realise with precise imagination when you reflect about it, how you, from morning to evening, going through your ideas and experiences, how much of this depends upon when and where you are situated in the world. Make an attempt to formulate a precise reckoning, drawing from your inner soul everything which is caused from the when-and-where of your birth.
Now throw out all these images from your soul life. Try to ponder what is left over and try to meditate primarily on how many of these images, which from morning to night permeate the soul, have validity and value other than being linked to the place and time in your life between birth and death. As a result you will see how important it is for the “I” to carefully consider the extent of the influences of the where-and-when. This is not realised in what broods within, but realised through proper consideration of the poetic saying: If you want to examine yourself, learn to know about yourself through others—through your surroundings. Thus we are oddly enough directed away from the brooding soul to say: we should, in order to get to know our “I,” encourage a watchful eye, an open sense for the unusual in the world content of the when-and-where into which we were born. The more we endeavour to develop this open perceptive sense towards the outer world surrounding us, so much more closely do we approach, in the spiritually scientific sense, that which at this basic level could be called self-knowledge.
Through taking a clear view and getting to know the entire tenor of our own time, let's try to clarify what, in the most manifold ways at our disposal, is the most unusual in our epoch and in the location in which we live. Highly individualistic is this self-knowledge, which directs us from ourselves towards our surroundings. Learning to know this outer world, we try to enter into the spirit of it and researching what has crystallized in ourselves as a result, we will recognise a mirror image of our Ego or “I.” This is an objective way. Looking into oneself is a danger. The causes why one is like this, or like that, need to be recognised. This can be found in the surroundings, through this we are deflected from ourselves. As a result we acquire the capability to recognise ourselves, as far as we are an “I,” through use of the physical organs and living amongst contemporaries.
The “I” is served by the organs of the ether-body, the life-body—the composition of this fine organism with which the anthroposophic occult scientist is familiar—penetrate the physical body and continuously fight against the physical body's disintegration. Similarly, when it dives down into the physical and etheric bodies in the morning, it works in the present human cycle in both bodies, including the etheric body. Nothing is added into our examination according to place and time, to when-and-where, but something else is added to the consideration. The ether body links to something quite different, which in a certain sense is tied even deeper to our self, something which surpasses birth and death. Here we discover a certain relationship the self brings along, something which had originated earlier and reaches into the future, something it already had, before it had been incorporated into a physical body. Seen from outside in a superficial manner, the ether body presents something extraordinary which we call talents, aptitudes, particular abilities and here we come to a certain connection which is an even more difficult area of self-knowledge. Although this which on a elevated level of higher development is called self-knowledge, even though still at a relatively low level, the human being here also doesn't come far when he or she broods in order to reach clarity: which are my talents and abilities?
Today it would go too far, to take as a basis the being of the human, regarding what I would like to say now. In self-knowledge lurk the worst enemies when we begin to search for clarity regarding talents and abilities through self-centred brooding. Right here we must shift our examination of the environment from the personal to the impersonal. Next we need to link the examination, with reference to the area of the ether body, to our common bond with this or that race. We need ask ourselves to which member of mankind we actually belong. We will occupy ourselves with researching particularities of this group to which we belong through family, race and folk, in comparison with the universal qualities of the whole human race. We get to know what continues through the hereditary stream, what develops from great-grandfather to grandfather and so on, and even what the self has as colouring in this hereditary line, which does not link directly with the when-and-where, but links to deeper basic laws of human existence. We learn to recognise these particularities within the laws and through this we find the right basis to which we can see how we rose from this background. However, everything brooded upon in examining this background is bad (Ubel). Anthroposophy demands an uncomfortable kind of self-knowledge from us compared with cliché filled alternatives, but in any other way we don't reach genuine self-knowledge, because a comparative measure is missing, because brooding on a single aspect fails to provide a measure with which to make a comparison.
Now I want to immediately link up to occult facts. We all know that our human body is surrounded by an aura, embedded in this astral aura, which is visible to the clairvoyant like an oval cloud. As a result of being born at a certain time and a particular place, makes the mass of our aura distinctly particular. Should we have a very limited outlook and actually only experience and will only judge and be led by our own will impulses not visible from our surroundings, being a product of where-and-when, then the clairvoyant will see our aura appearing as if squeezed, pressed together. The aura in this case is not large and not wide around the physical body. The moment we widen our outlook, the very moment we develop our receptive sense, an “open eye” for the observation of our environment, others can actually see how our aura enlarges all around us, how it becomes inclusive in relation to the physical body. We become spiritually larger within, through spreading our horizons in relation to our world of understanding and feelings. For the clairvoyant awareness it becomes gradually more obvious how people, as an echo of their environment, have a small aura. When we start to refine our judgement, making it independent, in order to reach that which distinguishes us from the mere common, then clairvoyant consciousness is able to see the aura spreading, enlarging, as we become refined and more extensive.
Grotesque as it may sound—knowledge of the environment is the first step towards self-knowledge. Knowledge of the family and race is the second step. With someone who tries to become liberated in their feeling and will impulses from aspects instilled by folk, race, family and so on, the clairvoyant will see not only an expanding aura but the aura becoming mobile, displaying vibration in contrast to its earlier immobility. It was mentioned already—not directly but in a certain sense—that what we call these particular colourings and talents inter-relate with the hereditary line.
How can we lift ourselves beyond all that which stems from the defining base, the causes of inner structures of the self? Mankind has not accomplished much by getting to know itself this way. With reference to our talents and abilities as a rule, not much can be done when we build an imagination upon descent and inheritance, we will not get any further. Here only spiritual scientific experience is valid. It involves the following: out of spiritual scientific experience mankind can become independent from his talents and abilities. This healing remedy hardly seems applicable, not at all similar, yet still it is a healing remedy: when we try to develop a warm, heartfelt feeling for something which hardly interests us, for something too bothersome to attempt involving our interested and especially if we make this interest many-sided, then we will lift our individuality out of our inherited abilities.
The first step, knowledge of the environment, will relatively soon be accomplished; the second—this self-education—only slowly transforms talents. Yes, attention must be drawn to the fact that now and then this incarnation must be renounced in order for the transformation of talents to be carried out, yet the way is introduced and it is extraordinarily important that we really try to do this. Clairvoyant vision will soon perceive how the aura becomes agile and vibrates. We will at least see the beginnings of transformation in our own nature. In this gradual resulting self-education there arises quite by itself what can be called impersonal self-knowledge.
Now we come to the third important area. We reach, through self-contemplation, what we express in our astral body—the bearer of desire and pain, of suffering and so on. The astral body is lifted during dreamless sleep out of the physical and etheric bodies. Ordinarily we are not aware of the astral body being separated from the physical and ether bodies. Clairvoyant consciousness can, but not common consciousness. What kind of rule in human nature will now express its characteristics in the astral body? Something is expressed from the self which we call karma, that which is particular to the self or the individuality, not only developed out of the hereditary stream but which continues from one incarnation to another, connected to individual deeds, with personal experiences of the soul, through incarnations. Our experiences through our bodies, and thus results from the law of cause and effect experienced in a purely spiritual way, bring us to the third step in examining self-knowledge.
We can ask: can a person do something in order to attain self-knowledge in this sphere? I could respond by explaining how difficult it is in the present human cycle to actually understand the working of karma. Take an example of how karma pre-determined an individual to undertake a journey, say in 14 days” time. He may take a decision that he has to do something three weeks later, ignoring karma because he knows nothing about his karma. Planning for the three weeks ahead, he organises everything, until he gets news that he needs to take the journey. Now the two directional lines collide. His planning comes in direct opposition with the direction of his karma. We see through this, how karma always attaches something new. This way karma's aim is strengthened and interlinked. It has to be added that a person in his normal development can only with difficulty measure the way to his Self, his “I,” while taking into consideration the karmic links; because he lacks clairvoyant consciousness through higher development and is unable to know what lies within his karma.
Now the question arises: can we reach this point of self-knowledge in a normal life? I must straight away indicate the means which spiritual scientific experience gives us, which makes it possible for us not to overlook what is karmically correct and at a precise moment perform the right thing. It is a totally false conception which one meets from time to time, namely that we are un-free due to karma. Karma does not make us un-free. Exactly by dint of our freedom can we do what karma gives rise to within us, at any given moment. Karma excludes nothing which allows the karmic line to weave and form links this way and that. Can we do something in order to orientate ourselves towards our karma in such a way that our karma isn't counter-acted and as a result create more karmic causes, thus instead of bringing us forwards, only pushes us backwards? There is one thing which helps us align ourselves ever more in the direction of our karmic stream, and this is something we nurture through our world view within anthroposophical circles, something often practiced and discussed. It is actually a mood of soul under the influence of the anthroposophic world view. It is that which we bring ever more into our karma. We must really orientate ourselves within the anthroposophic way: compliant individuals who only talk about it, that a person should become more profound, seek God within, will hardly direct a person any further on his or her path, rather it could bring them further by directing them away from themselves and offering a world view which makes the super-sensible world view possible. Everything that is offered in anthroposophy allows us to see into supersensible events. First of all if we aren't clairvoyant we need to absorb what is presented by clairvoyant research. It is frankly not necessary to be a clairvoyant just as little as if one takes a telescope or microscope in hand. That which the researcher shares in these fields is always understood through unquestionable logic. The human being, we, must so to say make an instrument of ourselves, if we want to research the supersensible regions ourselves; however, insight can become everything without having to make ourselves into an instrument.
When an anthroposophist builds an image for himself of what the Higher Worlds look like, how it approaches behind the sense perceptible realities, it influences his or her entire mood and life of feeling. Once and for all we must speak right into the soul and not allow a comfortable reasoning: it doesn't depend on learning a great deal but rather that one has this or that moral principal. It is actually like this, with anthroposophic spiritual science learning can't be spared and whoever is on the wrong track, say: why bother with theory of Higher Worlds and so on? Decidedly it depends on the anthroposophic way of thinking, a self-evident requirement: just like an oven warms a room when tinder is lit—so it is with people. If you stand and preach to the stove and say: “Lovely stove, your duty is to warm the room”—the room won't become warm. Merely preaching to people regarding their duty to love one another and so on, will come to nothing much. Setting ourselves up as moral preachers has little worth because moral preaching leaves human beings just as they are. When you heat the oven, the room warms up. Giving it heating offers the chance to heat the room. Giving the human being a world view which offers him or her Anthroposophy regarding supersensible facts, what follows is the first ground rule of the Theosophical Society—a general avowal of friendship and brotherhood—which is utterly necessary. The fundamental anthroposophic attitude must be there, but to merely repeat it doesn't help. Your step is sure when you enter into that expression which works for you in the world by including knowledge of the higher worlds and supersensible-world knowledge. Like plants tap into the sun, just so everyone strives for world knowledge, towards a central sun, and all other consequences capitulate by themselves. Thus it is with the anthroposophic way of thinking, revealed out of the spiritual scientific knowledge.
This is what makes it possible for us, in relation to our karma, to live out of ourselves. It deals more with the fact that we arrive at a moment when anthroposophic teaching can transform facts. It is necessary, that if karma is not to remain an abstract concept, that we attempt to bring in these karmic ideas on a trial basis at least, because we can't remain continuously in a state of self-contemplation in our everyday life of complexity and restlessness. It is necessary to consider the question: what is karmic thinking?
Take a radical example: someone has given another—me for instance—a slap in the face. What can be called in this case, “karmic thinking?” I was here in a previous life, and so was he. I had, perhaps in that previous life, given him a reason to justify his present actions; forced him to do it, simultaneously directed him towards it. I don't wish to theorize, I wish to make a hypothesis which should become a life-hypothesis. Will he give me a slap if I think about it? No, he will not do it. I, myself, delivered this slap because I have put him in this place, I have lifted the very hand myself which was raised against me.
Further to this experience the following can be added: when you earnestly focus on examining this karmic idea, pose such a question now and then, in full earnestness and full honesty and you will really see the results. This no other person can prove for you. You must prove it for yourself by doing it. As a result you will notice your inner-life becoming quite different. You experience quite different feelings, will-impulses regarding life and a totally different life shows its consequences: life will reveal itself in quite a transformed way. Whereas you had experienced great pain and disappointment before, now you accept this calmly, having been equilibrated as a result of how you acted and thought about it. Now the following happens, your soul life is flooded by a remarkable peace, a kind of legitimate comprehension of events which is in no way fatalistic.
This is also the direction in which to focus, by gradually exploring the karma-idea and its inherent truth, if you want to bring it to a certain stage of development. The Karma-idea is open to argument. Whoever wants to present reasons may do so. Theoretically nothing can be proven except through a test and here experience needs to be added. Experience provides, when applied intensively, the tool with which to understand karma. As a result you notice a grouping of things—that indeed it is inherent in things—just like you notice, when you have a fantasy image, whether it actually has the reality of a steel bow when grasped. Experience itself must create each combination of life's facts, through which we gradually, according to our own will forces, include these inner will-impulses into our lives. This complex work of our lives is one of the best remedies to achieve the third step which belongs to genuine self-knowledge. Through this you gradually learn to feel how present setbacks originate from an earlier life.
This experience is not as easy as brooding within, because it has to originate and approach from the surroundings. Most importantly we need to move beyond ourselves, even in the highest self-knowledge, which is world-knowledge. Fichte said: “Most people will rather be a piece of lava in the moon than be their ‘I.’”—Thus we learn to know the “I,” in its selective existence, as more than just a point. This “I” we recognise as a selective copy of the whole world. In this sense self-knowledge is, if you will, God-knowledge, not in the pantheistic sense but like a drop of similar substance and wisdom is to an entire sea. How you as a result search for knowledge regarding the essential similarity between the Being and the nature of the entire sea, you are equal in being to the Godhead, who is recognised; yet it will not occur to anyone to explain the drop as the sea. We could recognise substance and the ocean's godly Being from the drop, but no one will be presumptuous and say knowledge of the drop is sufficient; surely everyone will say, for me relevance is in knowledge of the sea and what happens if I sail on it. You particularly learn to recognise the godly when you allow the drop of godliness to enter within, understand it within, but you comprehend that within you is only a drop or spark, nothing more, then you deepen yourself selflessly in the greater supersensible worlds in the highest way possible. Should we want to learn to know ourselves we must totally go out of ourselves and need to research the supersensible worlds in the most profound way.
For the third step, what's been said suffices, regarding reincarnation and karma. For the highest self-knowledge we must reach knowledge of the great cosmic relationships of our earth; because we are part of our earth like a finger is part of the whole organism. The finger doesn't create the illusion that it has an independent existence; cut it off and it is no longer a finger. If it could walk around our organism then it could give, like us, the illusion that it is an independent organism. The human being doesn't think that when he lifts himself for a couple of kilometres above the earth, he is no longer a human being. The human being is a member of the earth organism, the earth is again a member of the cosmos. This we can only see when we understand the basis of cosmic relationships. All thinking about the self without all-embracing world-knowledge, without grasping how the “I” need all aforementioned events, is in vain, without glancing over it we can't reach knowledge, also none of the “I”-Self. We reach knowledge about the daily-“I,” when we search in the area of the when-and-where.
Knowledge, as expressed in the ether body, we find when we consider the inheritance line. Knowledge of the “I” living through the astral body, we find when we experience karma, and the last kind of knowledge, when we acquire world-knowledge; because there it is spread out but is condensed in a few points of the human “I.” World-knowledge is self-knowledge.
When you present to your soul exactly what is described in the essays “out of the Akashic Records,” how the development of the earth is described, which can appear quite strange to the soul, how it finally leads to the present configuration out of necessity, then you have self-knowledge through world-knowledge! Thus self-knowledge goes ever further and further out of us, always towards the impersonal. As with the application of karma in life resulting in the aura turning ever lighter, so through actual knowledge of cosmic relationships the aura becomes stronger and capable of shaping itself out of the original free impulses. Here you discover the answer to the question about freedom and bondage. Because freedom is the product of development, people are able to obtain this increasingly, the more they attain self-knowledge. Then you arrive, through such a practice of self-knowledge as described, at various things in the spiritual scientific fields and through genuine understanding, you can feel yourself enter the anthroposophic spiritual stream. Various things haunt like children's disease in the anthroposophic movement, which needs to fall away once such things are grasped, as they were given as directions to self-knowledge. The impersonal kind of anthroposophic knowledge will become ever more known. It is indeed achieved through that which has been gained from those researchers who not only transformed their souls into instruments of self-knowledge, but have also developed themselves—as had been related even today—and have come to impersonally reveal what the Higher Worlds offer. One of the first basic sayings which has to be conquered is the old, beautiful saying of the wise Greeks: “Whoever wants to attain wisdom dare not take notice of his own opinion.” You will find that whoever has really experienced the spiritual scientific route, will say: Yes, my opinion doesn't provide much; I can give descriptions of experiences, but not regularization principles, not claims of action, and these descriptions should be taken as instructions flowing into the theory of occult science. Opinions and points of view need be given up by the spiritual researcher. He has no point of view because all observations are like images originating from different points of view, which are as varied as people looking at the world from the most diverse angles. On the one side is the image of the materialistic standpoint, then from the other side that of a spiritual or a mechanistic or the easy-life observation. These are all observation angles. To not only recognise them theoretically but to live with every world view in order to create images as to how each observation creates a different side, that is the inner tolerance which is important here. One opinion shouldn't fight another. As a result an inner and from this an outer tolerance develops which we need if we, mankind, want to meet our healing in future.
Particular value must be awarded to insight, that resulting ideas flowing through the anthroposophic world stream come as products of the impersonal. As a result we will arrive at eliminating from the anthroposophic movement that which was there in earlier times and is still there today: authority in the worst sense. Do we call the microscope an authority? It is a necessity, a gateway. So we too, should become gateways, but we must lift ourselves to the impersonal, because only through people can there come into the world, what must come. Belief in authority must be struck from the anthroposophic dictionary and for this very reason mankind attain, while living into this knowledge, an attitude of impartiality, so that they, through the personal can enter into the impersonal way of the world.
2. Was Ist Selbsterkenntnis?
Wir haben vorgestern hier ein im eminentesten Sinne okkultes Thema behandelt, einen Ausblick gehalten in die höheren Welten. Wir haben dann gestern im öffentlichen Vortrag uns damit beschäftigt, durch welche Methode und Verrichtung der Mensch in die Lage kommt, die in seiner Seele schlummernden Fähigkeiten und Kräfte so zu erwecken, daß ihm nach und nach die Erkenntnis dieser höheren Welten möglich wird. Das Thema, das uns heute obliegen wird, steht in einem gewissen inneren Zusammenhange mit den beiden, und es steht in einer gewissen Beziehung auch mit allem anthroposophischen Streben. Nicht nur, daß in der Theorie so oftmals der Ausspruch gehört wird, daß eigentlich die anthroposophische Geisteswissenschaft nichts anderes sei als eine umfassende, universelle Selbsterkenntnis des Menschen, eine Selbsterkenntnis des Menschen so, daß ihm aufgeht der tiefste Grund, das tiefste Wesen des eigenen Ich und sich mit ihm Welterkenntnis erschließt. Aber nicht nur, sage ich, daß Sie diesen Ausspruch oftmals in der theosophischen Literatur und auch sonst finden können, sondern wahre, echte Selbsterkenntnis ist auch dasjenige, was wie eine Begleiterscheinung parallel laufen muß allem wirklichen Forschen auf dem Gebiete der höheren Welten, parallel laufen muß aller Entwickelung der inneren Seelenkräfte. Das «Erkenne dich selbst», dieser uralte Menschheitsspruch, bedeutet viel, sehr viel gerade für den Anthroposophen. Nun wollen wir heute das, was man im geisteswissenschaftlichen Sinne Selbsterkenntnis nennen kann, betrachten auf den verschiedensten Stufen der menschlichen Entwickelung. Wir wollen ausgehen von der gewöhnlichsten, alltäglichsten Selbsterkenntnis und wollen aufsteigen bis zu jener Selbsterkenntnis, die Welterkenntnis im anthroposophischen Sinne genannt werden kann, und wir wollen bei allen einzelnen Dingen, die wir zu besprechen haben, das, was man «geheimwissenschaftlich» nennen könnte, die okkulte Seite, durchaus mit berücksichtigen.
Selbsterkenntnis ist nun um so wichtiger innerhalb der anthroposophischen Weltanschauung zu besprechen, als sie, richtig verstanden, das Höchste einschließen kann, um was es sich im anthroposophischen Streben handeln kann, falsch verstanden, etwas außerordentlich Gefährliches werden kann. Falsch verstandene Selbsterkenntnis ist dasjenige, was insbesondere im Anfang des geisteswissenschaftlichen Strebens von der wahren Bahn, die uns in der Anthroposophie vorgezeichnet wird, eher ab- als hinführt. Goethe, der in vieler Beziehung auf diesem Felde durchaus bewandert war, sagte einmal, daß er schon ein gewisses Mißtrauen habe gegen den Ausdruck Selbsterkenntnis, daß dieser etwas bedeute, was Menschen vertreten, die im Grunde genommen in irgendeiner Art durch falsche Melancholie, Selbstbetäubung, in ein ganz unrichtiges Fahrwasser hineingekommen sind. Und dies ist eine durchaus richtige Ausdrucksweise. Wir haben ja auf geisteswissenschaftlichem Felde immer wieder Gelegenheit, die komplizierte Menschennatur ins Auge zu fassen, wenn wir uns erinnern an dasjenige, was wir alle wissen: daß wir in anthroposophischer Hinsicht den Menschen gliedern in den physischen Leib, in das, was wir den Ätherleib, den Astralleib und den eigentlichen Ich-Träger nennen. Und wenn wir ins Auge fassen, daß im Grunde dasjenige, was wir das Selbst nennen, mit allen diesen Gliedern der Menschennatur zu tun hat, so werden wir leicht dazu kommen, daß Selbsterkenntnis etwas außerordentlich Kompliziertes ist.
Um die einfachste, niederste Art der Selbsterkenntnis gleich vorwegzunehmen, erinnern wir uns daran, daß wir bei diesen vier Gliedern der menschlichen Natur allerdings unterscheiden müssen - je nach dem gegenwärtigen Verhältnisse dieser Glieder - den wachenden und den traumlos schlafenden Menschen, daß wir sagen müssen, daß beim schlafenden Menschen der physische und der Ätherleib verlassen sind vom Astralleib und dem Ich-Träger und die beiden letzteren außerhalb des Leibes sind. Wir wissen aber gleichzeitig, daß für den gegenwärtigen Menschheitszyklus normal ist, daß das Ich des Menschen nur dann seiner selbst bewußt werden kann, wenn es sich der physischen Organe bedient, um auf dem physischen Plan die Wahrnehmungen zu machen. $o sprechen wir zwar im geisteswissenschaftlichen Sinne von einem Ich-Träger, der dauert durch diejenigen Zustände hindurch, die wir als den bewußtlosen Schlaf bezeichnen. Wir müssen aber von diesem Ich-Träger sagen, daß er die heutige Seite des Bewußtseins und Selbstbewußtseins nur entwickeln, also ins unmittelbare Beobachtungsfeld hereinbekommen kann, wenn er sich der physischen Organe bedient, also am Morgen wieder hineinsteigt in den physischen und Ätherleib. Da haben wir das für den heutigen Menschen normale Selbstbewußtsein vor uns, und wir müssen uns fragen: Was ist das Wesen dieses Selbstbewußtseins auf der niedersten Stufe? - Besser aber ist die Frage noch bezeichnet, wenn wir so sagen: Wie kommt der Mensch dazu, dasjenige zu erkennen, das vom Morgen bis zum Abend in seinem physischen Leibe wohnt und sich der physischen Organe bedient, wie kommt der Mensch zu einer Erkenntnis des Wesens des Ganzen oder des Selbst? - Leicht kann da geglaubt werden, daß der Mensch nun in sein Inneres blicken muß, daß er sozusagen sich selbst erforschen muß. Da kommen wir nun an alle möglichen Arten der Selbsterkenntnis, die da gepflogen und angeraten werden. Zum Beispiel soll der Mensch beobachten, was er tut, was seine Eigenschaften sind und seine Fehler, er soll hineinbrüten in sein Inneres und zu erkennen suchen, wieviel er wert sei, wie tüchtig er zu dieser oder jener Handlung sei und dergleichen. Hier beginnen schon die Gefahren der falsch verstandenen Selbsterkenntnis, und darum müssen wir von den Gefahren sprechen. Wir haben ja immer im Auge, daß der Mensch versuchen soll, hinaufzukommen in die höheren Welten. Wir wissen auch, daß dieses Hinaufsteigen etwas ist, was aus dem Menschen etwas ganz anderes macht, als er heute ist, und deshalb ist es natürlich, daß da manche Hindernisse in den Weg treten. Durch falsche Selbsterkenntis wird der Aufstieg ebenso gefahrvoll, wie er erst möglich wird durch eine richtige Selbsterkenntnis. Diese Art Selbsterkenntnis, die man eher ein Bebrüten seines alltäglichen Ich nennen möchte, ein Achtgeben auf seine Fehler, ist eine falsche und eine Gefahr, die den Menschen tatsächlich eher zurückwirft, weil nämlich der umfassende Maßstab für das Urteil fehlt.
Wenn der Mensch durch eine gewöhnliche Erwägung seiner Vorzüge und Fehler sagt: Das hast du richtig gemacht, das hast du unrichtig gemacht, da mußt du dich bessern -, setzt das voraus, daß er einen Maßstab habe, nach dem er sich richten kann. Dieser Maßstab wird sozusagen auch zu einem Wertmesser für dasjenige, was der Mensch auch in der Zukunft darstellen wird. Und auf diese Art wird der Mensch eigentlich niemals über sich selbst hinauskommen, und das ist gerade das, was der Anthroposoph sich immer vorzusagen hat: Nicht stehenbleiben, sondern immer und immer, Schritt für Schritt über diesen Punkt hinauskommen. - Ein Ausspruch, der beherzigt werden sollte, ist: Alles, was du in bezug auf Entwickelung der Seele unternimmst und was dich auf dem Lebenspfade vorwärts bringt, ist gut getan; alles, was dich auf dem Punkte erhält, ist im Grunde genommen für deine Seele ein Verlust. - Keine Selbsterkenntnis, die den Menschen dahin treibt, daß er in Reue zerknirscht ist oder ihn zu einer Selbstbefriedigung führt, kann den Menschen vorwärts bringen. Wenn wir nur eine Möglichkeit gewinnen wollen, einzusehen, worauf es ankommt, müssen wir uns die Frage vorlegen: Wovon hängt denn der eigentliche Mensch gewöhnlich ab? Sie werden sich leicht hineinversetzen in den Gedanken: Wie wäre es denn mit meinen Vorstellungen, meinen Empfindungen und Gefühlen, wenn diese Individualität, die ja von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation gegangen ist und von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation gehen wird, wie wäre es, wenn diese Individualität nicht, sagen wir, vor so und soviel Jahren in Wien geboren wäre, sondern fünfzig Jahre früher etwa in Moskau? Was würde diese Individualität dann für einen Inhalt haben; welche Empfindungen, Gefühle, Vorstellungen, Gedanken und Ideen würden dann diese Individualität durchziehen und ihr den eigentümlichen Grundton geben? Ganz andere! Sie kommen am leichtesten dazu, sich das ganz genau vorzustellen, wenn Sie einmal darüber reflektieren, wie vom Morgen bis zum Abend Ihre Vorstellungen und Empfindungen laufen, wieviel bei diesen abhängt davon, wann und wo Sie in die Welt geraten sind. Versuchen Sie, sich einmal genau eine Rechnung zu machen, ziehen Sie vom Inneren der Seele alles ab, was bedingt ist von dem Wann und Wo der Geburt. Alle diese Vorstellungen werfen Sie aus dem Seelenleben hinaus. Versuchen Sie einmal darüber nachzudenken, was dann noch bleibt, und versuchen Sie vor allen Dingen noch nachzudenken, wieviele von diesen Vorstellungen, die vom Morgen bis zum Abend durch die Seele ziehen, überhaupt Gültigkeit und Wert haben außer durch Ort und Zeit Ihres Lebens zwischen Geburt und Tod. Da werden Sie sehen, wie bedeutsam es ist für das Ich, wohl darauf zu achten, wie weit es unter den Einflüssen des Wann und Wo steht. Das lernen Sie nicht erkennen dadurch, daß Sie in Ihr Inneres hineinbrüten, sondern das lernen Sie erkennen durch eine gute Berücksichtigung des Dichterspruches: Willst du dich selbst betrachten, lerne dich durch die anderen kennen! - durch die Umgebung. Und so werden wir in eigenartiger Weise vom Bebrüten der Seele ab- und dazu geführt, daß wir sagen: Wir müssen, um unser Ich kennenzulernen, uns ein offenes Auge, einen offenen Sinn schaffen für die Eigenart des Weltinhalts, in den wir nach Wann und Wo hineingeboren sind. Je mehr wir uns bemühen, diesen offenen Sinn zu haben für die Außenwelt, für das, was um uns ist, desto mehr kommen wir im geisteswissenschaftlichen Sinne zu dem, was wir auf diesem niedersten Gebiete Selbsterkenntnis nennen können.
Lernen wir durch freien Blick sozusagen die ganze Tonfärbung unserer eigenen Zeit kennen; versuchen wir einmal, uns klarzumachen, wie in der mannigfachsten Weise uns zur Verfügung steht das Eigenartige unseres Zeitalters, unseres Ortes, in dem wir leben. Höchst eigenartig ist diese Selbsterkenntnis, die uns hinweist von unserem Selbst auf unsere Umgebung. Lernen wir diese unsere Außenwelt kennen, versuchen wir in ihren Geist einzudringen, das zu erforschen, was uns herauskristallisiert hat, dann werden wir wie ein Spiegelbild unser Ich erkennen. Das ist ein objektiver Weg. Das Hineinschauen in sich selbst ist eine Gefahr. Man soll die Ursachen erkennen, warum man so und so ist. Die kann man in der Umgebung kennenlernen; dadurch werden wir von uns abgelenkt. Da haben wir also zunächst das, was uns die Fähigkeit gibt, uns zu erkennen, soweit wir ein Ich sind, das sich des physischen Organs bedient, um mit seiner Mitwelt zu leben.
Nun bedient sich dieses Ich des Organs des Ätherleibes, des Lebensleibes, desjenigen feinen Organismus, der dem anthroposophischen Geisteswissenschafter seiner Beschaffenheit nach ganz geläufig ist, der den physischen Leib durchzieht und der ein fortwährender Kämpfer ist gegen den Zerfall des physischen Leibes. Das Selbst nun, wenn es morgens untertaucht in den physischen und in den Ätherleib, wirkt im heutigen Menschheitszyklus in beiden Leibern, also auch im Ätherleib. Da kommt dabei nicht dasjenige in Betracht, was Ort und Zeit, das Wann und Wo aus uns machen, sondern da kommt mehr in Betracht. Am Ätherleibe hängt noch etwas ganz anderes, was in gewisser Beziehung noch tiefer mit unserem Selbst verknüpft ist, was schon hinausgeht über Geburt und Tod. Da kommen wir dann zu dem, was in einer gewissen Beziehung dieses Selbst mit sich bringt, was von früher herstammt und in die Zukunft hineinreicht, was dieses Selbst schon hat, wenn es in einem physischen Leibe verkörpert wird. Äußerlich angesehen, indem man einfach den Menschen oberflächlich betrachtet, stellt sich besonders am Ätherleibe dasjenige dar, was wir als Talente, Anlagen, besondere Fähigkeiten des Selbst zu bezeichnen haben, und hier sind wir schon in einer gewissen Beziehung auf einem schwierigeren Gebiete der Selbsterkenntnis. Obwohl sie gegen das, was auf den höheren Stufen der höheren Entwickelung Selbsterkenntnis ist, eine verhältnismäRig noch niedere Stufe ist, wird der Mensch auch da nicht weit kommen, wenn er hineinbrütet in sein Inneres und sich klarwerden will: Welches sind deine Talente und Fähigkeiten?
Es würde heute zu weit führen, aus dem Wesen des Menschen heraus die Begründung zu geben zu dem, was ich jetzt sagen werde. Es lauern da der Selbsterkenntnis die schlimmsten Feinde auf, wenn der Mensch beginnt, sich klarwerden zu wollen über seine Talente und Fähigkeiten durch Selbstbebrütung. Gerade da muß er seine Betrachtungen von sich heraus auf die Umgebung, vom Persönlichen auf das Unpersönliche hinüberziehen. Da haben wir die Betrachtung nunmehr zu lenken, wo es auf das Gebiet des Ätherleibes geht, auf unsere Zusammengehörigkeit mit dieser oder jener Rasse. Da haben wir uns zu fragen, zu welchem Gliede der Menschheit gehörst du eigentlich? Und wir sollen uns bemühen, die Eigenart dieser Menschheitsgruppe, zu der wir gehören durch Familie, Rasse, Volk, im Vergleich mit den universellen Eigenschaften des ganzen Menschengeschlechts zu erforschen. Lernen wir also kennen dasjenige, was sich in der Vererbungslinie hindurchzieht, was vom Urgroßvater auf den Großvater und so weiter sich fortentwickelt, und was das Selbst innerhalb dieser Vererbungslinie eigentümlich färbt, was also nicht zusammenhängt direkt mit Wann und Wo, sondern zusammenhängt mit tieferen Grundgesetzen des Menschendaseins, lernen wir diese Eigentümlichkeiten kennen, dann werden wir wiederum den richtigen Hintergrund finden, um dann erst zu sehen, wie sich unser eigenes Selbst von diesem Hintergrunde abhebt. Aber jedes Selbstbebrüten des Selbst vor Betrachtung dieses Hintergrundes ist vom Übel. So also verlangt zwar die Anthroposophie von uns eine unbequemere Art der Selbsterkenntnis als diejenige ist, die oft phrasenhaft gemeint ist, aber auf eine andere Weise kommt man eben nicht zu einer wirklichen Selbsterkenntnis, weil der Maßstab fehlt, weil man nur in einen eigenen Punkt hineinbrütet und keinen Vergleichungsmaßstab hat.
Nun möchte ich gleich die okkulten Tatsachen anknüpfen. Wir wissen alle, daß dieser Menschenleib umgeben ist von einer Aura, eingebettet ist in diese astrale Aura, die wie eine ovale Wolke dem hellseherischen Bewußtsein sichtbar ist. Dadurch, daß der Mensch in eine bestimmte Zeit und einen bestimmten Ort hineingeboren ist, wird das Maß seiner Aura in einer gewissen Weise bestimmt. Ein Mensch, welcher einen sehr geringen Gesichtskreis hat, der also eigentlich in seinem Selbst nur das erleben kann und beurteilen will und nur von den Willensimpulsen leiten lassen will, was ungesehen aus der Umgebung ihn anspornt, der also das Produkt des Wann und Wo ist, der zeigt dem hellseherischen Bewußtsein in seiner Aura etwas Zusammengepreßtes, Gedrücktes. Die Aura ist in diesem Falle nicht groß und reicht nicht weit hinaus über den physischen Leib. Im Augenblick, wo der Mensch seinen Gesichtskreis erweitert, in dem Augenblick, wo er also einen offenen Sinn, ein offenes Auge für die Beobachtung seiner Umgebung entwickelt, sehen wir tatsächlich, wie sich die Aura nach allen Seiten hin vergrößert, wie sie umfassender wird mit Bezug auf die Grenzen des physischen Leibes. Der Mensch wird also innerlich geistig größer dadurch, daß er seinen Horizont in Bezug auf seine Begriffswelt und Gefühlswelt erweitert. Für das hellseherische Bewußtsein zeigt sich das in geradezu auffallender Weise, wie bei Menschen, die ein Echo ihrer Umgebung sind, die Aura klein ist. Wenn aber die Menschen anfangen, ihr Urteil zu einem feineren, unabhängigen zu machen, so daß sie dazu kommen, sich einmal zu unterscheiden von dem Landläufigen, dann sieht das hellseherische Bewußtsein, wie sich die Aura erweitert, wie sie groß wird, wie der Mensch in sich feiner und umfassender wird.
So grotesk es für viele klingen mag - Erkenntnis der Umgebung ist der erste Schritt der Selbsterkenntnis. Erkenntnis der Familie, Rasse ist der zweite Schritt. Bei dem Menschen, der in seinen Gefühls- und Willensimpulsen versucht, frei zu werden von dem, in das er hineingestellt ist, in Volk, Rasse, Familie und so weiter, bei ihm sieht das hellseherische Bewußtsein nicht nur, wie die Aura weiter wird, sondern auch wie sie in sich beweglicher wird, Vibrationen erhält, während sie früher tot war, unbeweglich. Nun, damit ist ja schon gesagt, daß - allerdings nicht unmittelbar, aber in einer gewissen Weise - dasjenige, was wir besondere Färbungen und Fähigkeiten nennen, mit dieser Vererbungslinie zusammenhängt.
Wie können wir uns nun erheben über dasjenige, was so die Bestimmungsgründe, die Ursachen des inneren Gefüges des Selbst sind? Es ist noch nicht viel erreicht für den Menschen, wenn er sich auf diese Weise erkennt. In bezug auf seine Talente und Fähigkeiten wird in der Regel nicht viel getan sein, wenn sich der Mensch nur eine Vorstellung über Abstammung und Vererbungslinie bildet, da wird er nicht zu einem Herausgehen kommen. Hier kann nur die geisteswissenschaftliche Erfahrung sprechen. Es handelt sich darum, daß aus der geisteswissenschaftlichen Erfahrung gegeben werde das, was den Menschen unabängig macht von Talenten und Fähigkeiten. Dieses Heilmittel sieht dem, was es erreichen soll, gar nicht ähnlich, doch ist es das Heilmittel: Wenn der Mensch versucht, ein warmes, inniges Gefühl sich anzueignen für das, was ihn zunächst wenig interessiert, für das, was ihm Mühe macht, sich dafür zu interessieren, und namentlich, wenn er sein Interesse vielseitig macht, dann wird er seine Individualität aus den ererbten Fähigkeiten herausarbeiten.
Der erste Schritt, die Erkenntnis der Umgebung, wird verhältnismäßig bald vollzogen sein; der zweite - dieses Sich-Erziehen - bildet nur langsam die Talente um. Ja, es muß sogar darauf aufmerksam gemacht werden, daß zuweilen für diese Inkarnation verzichtet werden muß darauf, daß ein Umschaffen der Talente vollzogen werde, aber der Weg wird eingeleitet, und es ist außerordentlich wichtig, daß wir das wirklich versuchen. Dann wird sich dem hellseherischen Bewußtsein sehr bald zeigen, wie die Aura in sich beweglich wird, wie sie vibrierend wird. Wir werden wenigstens in den ersten Anfängen eine Umwandlung unserer eigenen Natur sehen. In dieser nach und nach erfolgenden Selbsterziehung ergibt sich dann ganz von selbst dasjenige, was wir eine unpersönliche Selbsterkenntnis nennen können.
Nun kommen wir zum dritten wichtigen Gebiete. Wir kommen nun dazu, dasjenige an unserem Selbst zu betrachten, was dieses Selbst auslebt dadurch, daß es in einem Astralleibe steckt, in dem Träger von Lust und Schmerz, von Leidenschaften und so weiter. Dieser Astralleib ist im traumlosen Schlaf aus dem physischen und Ätherleibe herausgehoben. Der gewöhnliche Mensch hat den Astralleib niemals bewußt abgetrennt vom physischen und Ätherleibe. Das hellseherische Bewußtsein kann es, aber das normale Bewußtsein kann es nicht. Welches Gesetzmäßige in der Menschennatur wird nun gerade sein Charakteristisches in dem astralen Leibe ausleben? Da lebt dasjenige im Selbst sich aus, was wir nennen das Karma, dasjenige, was Eigenart des Selbst oder der Individualität ist, was nicht nur in der Vererbungslinie sich fortentwickelt, sondern was von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation geht, was also zusammenhängt mit eigenen Taten, mit den eigenen Erlebnissen der Seele durch Inkarnationen hindurch. Was der Mensch erlebt durch seine Körper, das also, was als ein Gesetz von Ursache und Wirkung rein geistiger Art sich auslebt, das kommt bei der dritten Stufe der Selbsterkenntnis in Betracht.
Es fragt sich nun: Kann der Mensch etwas tun, um auf diesem Gebiete zu einer Selbsterkenntnis zu kommen? Ich konnte bei einer Fragenbeantwortung darauf hindeuten, wie schwierig es im jetzigen Menschheitszyklus ist, auch nur zu begreifen, wie die Wirkung des Karma ist. Ich habe gesagt, es sei beispielsweise in dem Karma eines Menschen vorgezeichnet, daß er in einer Zeit, etwa in vierzehn Tagen, eine Reise machen muß. Nun nimmt er sich aber vor, daß er in drei Wochen etwas tun müsse, weil er das Karma nicht schaut, weil er nichts davon weiß. Dazu nun richtet er alles, bis er die Nachricht erhält, daß er die Reise jetzt unternehmen muß. Nun kommen die zwei Richtungslinien miteinander in Kollision. Das, was er getan hat, kommt in Widerspruch mit seiner Karmalinie. Sie sehen daraus, daß sich dem Karma immer Neues angliedert. Dadurch verstärken und verketten sich die Karmalinien. Damit nun soll gesagt sein, daß der Mensch in seiner normalen Entwickelung den Weg des Selbst, des Ich, schwer ermessen kann, insofern diese Karmaverkettung in Betracht kommt; denn wenn er nicht ein hellseherisches Bewußtsein von einer hohen Entwickelung hat, kann er nicht wissen, was in seinem Karma liegt.
Nun handelt es sich darum: Kann im normalen Leben Selbsterkenntnis bis zu diesem Punkte errungen werden? Da muß ich Ihnen nun gleich jenes Mittel angeben, welches die geisteswissenschaftliche Erfahrung uns gibt, welches dem Menschen sozusagen möglich macht, dasjenige nicht zu übersehen, was karmisch richtig ist, und in einem gewissen Momente das Richtige zu vollziehen. Es ist eine ganz falsche Auffassung, der man zeitweilig begegnet, nämlich, daß der Mensch durch das Karma unfrei sei. Karma macht nicht unfrei. Eben vermöge seiner Freiheit kann der Mensch alle Augenblicke etwas tun, was Karma erzeugt. Das Karma schließt also nicht aus, daß die karmische Linie verwoben, hin und her verknüpft werden kann. Kann nun der Mensch etwas tun, um sich in eine gewisse Beziehung zu seinem Karma zu stellen, in einer Weise, daß er diesem Karma nicht gar zu sehr entgegenwirkt und dadurch neue Ursachen legt, die ihn statt vorwärts nur zurück bringen? Da gibt es eines, was so wirkt, daß der Mensch immer mehr und mehr in die Richtung hineinkommt, die seine Karmalinie einhalten will, und zwar gibt es da etwas, was in den Kreisen, die die anthroposophische Weltanschauung pflegen, ja immer geübt und besprochen wird. Es ist gerade dasjenige, was sich als Gesinnung in der Seele ergibt unter dem Einfluß einer Weltanschauung wie die anthroposophische. Das ist dasjenige, was den Menschen in das Karma immer mehr hineinbringt. Wir müssen uns in der anthroposophischen Weise richtig einstellen; die Bequemlinge, die nur davon sprechen, daß der Mensch sich in sich vertiefen soll, den Gott in sich suchen soll, werden den Menschen wenig weiter führen auf seiner Bahn, sondern dasjenige gerade bringt ihn weiter, was ihn von seiner Person wegführt, was ihm eine Weltanschauung gibt, die ihm übersinnliche Weltanschauung möglich macht. Alles, was uns in der Anthroposophie geboten wird, läßt uns hineinschauen in die übersinnlichen Geschehnisse. Zunächst kann der Mensch wohl nicht selbst Hellseher sein; er muß hinnehmen, was ihm von hellseherischen Forschern gesagt wird. Es ist auch nicht geradezu notwendig, daß er Hellseher sein muß, geradesowenig wie einer gleich das Teleskop oder Mikroskop zur Hand nehmen muß. Dasjenige, was der Forscher auf diesem Gebiete mitteilt, ist durchaus durch eine vorurteilslose Logik zu erfassen. Der Mensch muß sich sozusagen selbst zu einem Instrumente machen, um selbst auf übersinnlichem Gebiete forschen zu können; eingesehen kann aber alles werden, ohne daß man selbst ein Instrument werden muß.
Wenn so der Anthroposoph sich ein Bild macht, wie es in den höheren Welten aussieht, wie es zugeht hinter den sinnlichen Tatsachen, dann bleibt das nicht ohne Wirkung für sein ganzes Gemütsund Empfindungsleben. Das müssen wir uns einmal recht in die Seele sprechen, daß wir uns nicht hingeben der bequemen Ausrede: es komme nicht darauf an, daß man viel lerne, sondern daß man diese oder jene moralischen Prinzipien habe. - Es ist einmal so, daß in der anthroposophischen Geisteswissenschaft das Lernen nicht erspart werden kann und daß derjenige auf dem Holzwege ist, der sagt: Was kümmert mich jene Theorie von höheren Welten und so weiter? Gewiß kommt es auf die anthroposophische Gesinnung an; das ist eine selbstverständliche Bedingung; aber so wie ein Ofen das Zimmer warm macht, wenn er geheizt wird, weil Brennmaterial hineingelegt und entzündet worden ist, so auch ist es mit dem Menschen. Aber wenn Sie dem Ofen nur predigen, nur sagen: Lieber Ofen, deine Pflicht ist, das Zimmer warm zu machen -, so wird er das Zimmer nicht wärmen. Predigen Sie den Menschen immer nur, es sei ihre Pflicht zu lieben und so weiter, so wird wenig daraus werden. Es nützt wenig, daß wir uns als Moralprediger hinstellen, denn alles Moralpredigen läßt die Menschheit so, wie sie ist. Wenn Sie den Ofen heizen, macht er das Zimmer warm. Geben Sie ihm die Feuerung, dann wird sie die Veranlassung zur Wärme des Zimmers werden. Geben Sie dem Menschen die Weltanschauung, die ihm die Anthroposophie geben kann über die übersinnlichen Tatsachen, dann folgt dasjenige, was im ersten Grundsatz der Theosophischen Gesellschaft enthalten ist - die allgemeine Verbrüderung -, ganz notwendig. Anthroposophische Gesinnung muß sein, aber das immer zu wiederholen, hilft nichts. Sie tritt sicher auf in der Gestalt, als welche sie wirksam ist für die Welt, wenn sich die Erkenntnis der höheren Welt, die übersinnliche Welterkenntnis erschließt. Wie die Pflanzen sich der einen Sonne erschließen, ebenso streben alle, die nach dieser Welterkenntnis streben, der einen Zentralsonne zu, und alle die anderen Folgen ergeben sich von selbst. So ist anthroposophische Gesinnung, wie sie sich aus der geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis ergibt.
Das ist dasjenige, was dem Menschen möglich macht, im Sinne seines Karma dann von selbst zu leben. Es handelt sich also nunmehr darum, daß der Mensch dazu kommt, die anthroposophische Lehre in die Tatsachen umzusetzen. Es ist notwendig, soll Karma nicht eine abstrakte Idee bleiben, soll sie wirksam werden, daß man daran geht, diese Karmaidee probeweise in das Leben einzuführen, probeweise wenigstens, weil man schon der Mannigfaltigkeit und der Unruhe unseres alltäglichen Lebens wegen nicht ständig in Selbstbeobachtung bleiben kann. Es ist not wendig, daß man sich die Frage vorlegt, was heißt das: karmisch denken?
Nehmen wir einen radikalen Fall als Beispiel an: Jemand hat einem anderen - mir zum Beispiel - eine Ohrfeige versetzt. Was heißt in einem solchen Falle «karmisch denken»? Ich war in einem früheren Leben da, der andere auch. Ich habe vielleicht damals, in dem früheren Leben, ihm zu seiner jetzigen Handlungsweise die Ursache gegeben, ihn dazu gedrängt, ihn erst gleichsam abgerichtet dazu. Ich will nicht theoretisieren, ich will eine Hypothese aufstellen, die eine Lebenshypothese werden soll. Gibt er mir nun den Schlag, wenn ich so denke? Nein, er gibt ihn mir gar nicht. Ich selbst gebe ihn mir, denn ich habe ihn selbst dahin gestellt auf den Platz, ich habe die Hand, die er gegen mich aufhob, selbst erhoben.
Nunmehr kann das Weitere nur die Erfahrung geben, und die gibt folgendes: Wenn der Mensch versucht, ernsthaft so die Karmaidee ins Auge zu fassen, ab und zu solch eine Frage zu stellen, in vollem Ernste und in voller Würde, wird er tatsächlich sehen, daß er einen Erfolg davon hat. Das kann Ihnen kein Mensch beweisen. Sie müssen es sich selbst beweisen, indem Sie es tun. Da werden Sie sehen, daß tatsächlich Ihr inneres Leben ein ganz anderes wird, Sie bekommen ganz andere Gefühle, Willensimpulse über das Leben, und ein ganz anderes inneres Leben zeigt seine Konsequenzen; es wird sich zeigen an einer ganz anderen Stelle. Wo Sie großen Schmerz, Enttäuschungen erfahren hätten, nehmen Sie den Schmerz ruhig hin; Sie sind äquilibriert deswegen, weil Sie das so getan und gedacht haben. Es tritt die Folge ein, daß über das ganze Seelenleben eine merkwürdige Ruhe kommt, eine Art gesetzmäßigen Erfassens der Geschehnisse, keineswegs eines fatalistischen.
Das ist auch der Weg, den man einschlagen muß, wenn man nach und nach die Karmaidee, das Wahrhalten dieser Idee zur Gewißheit ausbilden will. Gegen die Karmaidee läßt sich streiten. Wer Gründe vorbringen will, der kann es. Man kann auch theoretisch so etwas nicht beweisen, sondern nur durch die Probe, und da gibt Ihnen die Erfahrung dasjenige, was dabei herauskommt. Die Erfahrung gibt, wenn sie intensiv wird, die Mittel, Karma zunächst zu begreifen. Dann merkt man aus der Gruppierung der Dinge, daß es wirklich etwas ist, was in den Dingen liegt, so wie man merkt, ob man ein Phantasiebild hat, oder ob man die Wirklichkeit des Bügelstahls hat, wenn man ihn angreift. So muß die Erfahrung selbst jene Zusammenfassung der Tatsachen des Lebens geben, wodurch wir nach und nach unsere Willkür, unsere inneren Willensimpulse eingliedern in unser Karma. Diese Arbeit unseres Lebens, die kompliziert ist, ist etwas, was zu den besten Mitteln zur Erreichung einer dritten Stufe der wahren Selbsterkenntnis gehört. Dadurch lernen Sie nach und nach fühlen, was der Niederschlag im gegenwärtigen aus dem früheren Leben ist.
Diese Erkenntnis ist nicht so billig wie ein Hineinbrüten, weil sie doch wieder erst von der Umgebung zu sich kommen muß. Es handelt sich vor allem darum, aus sich herauszugehen, selbst bei der höchsten Selbsterkenntnis, die Welterkenntnis ist. Fichte hat gesagt: Die meisten Menschen würden sich lieber für ein Stück Lava im Monde, als für ein Ich halten. - Da lernt man das Ich mehr in seinem punktuellen Dasein, mehr als einen Punkt kennen. Dieses Ich erkennt man als ein punktuelles Abbild der ganzen Welt. In diesem Sinne ist Selbsterkenntnis, wenn man will, Gotteserkenntnis, nicht im pantheistischen Sinne, sondern wie ein Tropfen von gleicher Substanz und Wesenheit ist mit dem ganzen Meere. Und wie er infolge der Wesensgleichheit das Wesen und die Art des ganzen Meeres erkennen läßt, so ist der Mensch von dem gleichen Wesen mit der Gottheit, die er erkennen kann; aber keinem würde es einfallen, den Tropfen für das Meer zu erklären. Wir können Substanz und Wesenheit des Göttlichen wie die des Meeres aus dem Tropfen erkennen, aber kein Mensch wird sich vermessen zu sagen, mir genügt die Erkenntnis des Tropfens; und sicher wird jeder sagen, mir ist es zu tun um die Erkenntnis des Meeres, und das geschieht, wenn Sie darauf herumfahren. Sie lernen also insbesondere das Göttliche erkennen, wenn Sie den Tropfen des Göttlichen in sich, in Ihrem Inneren erfassen, aber Sie lernen dasjenige, wovon das in Ihrem Inneren wieder nur ein Tropfen oder Funke ist, nicht anders kennen, als indem Sie sich selbstlos in die großen übersinnlichen Welten in höchster Art vertiefen. Wollen wir uns selbst erkennen, müssen wir ganz aus uns herausgehen und müssen die übersinnlichen Welten in der allertiefsten Art erforschen.
Für die dritte Stufe möge das von Reinkarnation und Karma Gesagte genügen. Für die höchste Selbsterkenntnis müssen wir erringen die Erkenntnis des großen kosmischen Zusammenhanges unserer Erde; denn wir sind ein Teil unserer Erde, wie ein Finger ein Teil des ganzen Organismus ist. Der Finger gibt sich nicht der Illusion hin, daß er eine selbständige Wesenheit ist; schneiden Sie ihn ab, und er ist kein Finger mehr. Könnte er auf ihrem Organismus herumgehen, dann könnte er sich wie der Mensch der Illusion hingeben, daß er ein selbständiger Organismus sei. Der Mensch bedenkt nicht, daß, wenn Sie ihn einige Meilen über die Erde hinaufheben, er kein Mensch mehr ist. Der Mensch ist ein Glied im Erdorganismus, die Erde wieder ein Glied im Kosmos. Dies können wir nur erschauen, wenn wir den Grund des kosmischen Zusammenhanges erfassen. Alles Nachdenken über das Selbst ohne umfassende Welterkenntnis, ohne zu begreifen, wie das Ich alle vorhandengewesenen Ereignisse brauchte, ist umsonst; ohne das zu überblicken, können wir nicht zu einer Erkenntnis gelangen, auch nicht des Ich-Selbst. Wir kommen zu einer Erkenntnis des Tag-Ich, wenn wir die Umgebung nach Wann und Wo untersuchen. Die Erkenntnis, wie sich das Ich im Ätherleibe auslebt, finden wir, wenn wir die Vererbungslinie betrachten. Die Erkenntnis, wie das Ich sich im Astralleibe auslebt, finden wir, wenn wir das Karma leben, und die letzte Erkenntnis, wenn wir uns Welterkenntnis verschaffen; denn da ist ausgebreitet, was zusammengedrängt im punktuellen Ich des Menschen ist. Welterkenntnis ist Selbsterkenntnis.
Wenn Sie sich dasjenige genau vor die Seele führen, was in den Aufsätzen «Aus der Akasha-Chronik» über die Entwickelung der Erde geschildert wird, was scheinbar ganz fremd für die Seele ist, wie es zuletzt mit Notwendigkeit zur heutigen Konfiguration hinführt, dann haben Sie Selbsterkenntnis durch Welterkenntnis! So führt uns die Selbsterkenntnis immer weiter und weiter aus uns heraus, immer zum Unpersönlichen. Wie durch Anwendung des Karma im Leben die Aura heller und lichter wird, so wird durch die eigentliche Erkenntnis der kosmischen Zusammenhänge die Aura kraftvoller und fähig, aus sich heraus ursprünglich freie Impulse zu schaffen. Hier kommen Sie zur Lösung der Frage nach Freiheit und Unfreiheit. Denn Freiheit ist ein Entwickelungsprodukt, und man gelangt zu ihr immer mehr, je mehr man zur Selbsterkenntnis gelangt. Dann kommt man durch eine solche Übung der Selbsterkenntnis im geschilderten Sinne dazu, mancherlei auf dem geisteswissenschaftlichen Felde im richtigen Sinne zu erfassen, sich in die anthroposophische Geistesströmung hineinzufühlen. Mancherlei spukt als Kinderkrankheit in der anthroposophischen Bewegung, das wegfallen muß, namentlich wenn einmal solche Dinge begriffen worden sind, wie sie als Anweisung zur Selbsterkenntnis gegeben wurden. Es wird die unpersönliche Art der anthroposophischen Erkenntnis immer besser erkannt werden. Sie ist ja errungen dadurch, daß sie von denjenigen Forschern gewonnen worden ist, welche nicht allein ihre Seele umgestaltet haben als Instrument der Selbsterkenntnis, sondern auch sie entwickelt haben - wie eben heute erzählt worden ist -, die also dazu gekommen sind, unpersönlich zu erzählen, was die höheren Welten darbieten. Ein erster Grundsatz, der gewonnen werden soll, ist der alte, schöne Grundsatz des griechischen Weisen: Wer zur Wahrheit kommen will, darf der eigenen Meinung nicht achten. - Daher werden Sie die Erfahrung machen, daß derjenige, der wirklich auf geisteswissenschaftlichen Wegen erfahren ist, sagt: Ja, mit Meinungen kann ich nicht dienen; ich kann Beschreibungen geben von Erfahrungen, nicht Regulationsprinzipien, keine Postulate des Handelns, und solche Beschreibungen sollen als Lehren einfließen in die Theorie der Geisteswissenschaft. - Meinungen und Standpunkte muß sich der Geisteswissenschafter abgewöhnen. Er hat keinen Standpunkt, weil alle Anschauungen sind wie Bilder, die von verschiedenen Standpunkten aus entstehen, und die so verschieden sind wie die Menschen, welche die Welt von den verschiedensten Seiten anschauen. Von einer Seite ist das Bild von materialistischer Anschauung, dann von anderen Seiten von einer spirituellen, einer mechanistischen, vitalistischen Anschauung. Das alles sind Anschauungen. Sie nicht nur theoretisch zu erkennen, sondern so zu leben mit einer Weltanschauung, daß sich alle Anschauungen wie Bilder von verschiedenen Seiten ausnehmen, das ist die innere Toleranz, um die es sich handelt. Es soll nicht Meinung und Meinung sich bekämpfen. Dann ergibt sich die innere und aus dieser die äußere Toleranz, die wir brauchen, wenn die Menschheit ihrem Heile in der Zukunft entgegengehen will.
Auch muß besonderer Wert auf die Einsicht gelegt werden, daß dasjenige, was an Ideen durch die anthroposophische Weltströmung fließt, ein Produkt des Unpersönlichen ist. Dadurch wird man dahin kommen, eines auszuschalten aus der anthroposophischen Bewegung in dem Sinne, wie es in den früheren Zeiten und auch noch heute da ist: Autorität im schlimmen Sinne. Nennen wir das Mikroskop eine Autorität? Es ist eine Notwendigkeit, ein Durchgangspunkt. So müssen auch die Menschen ein Durchgangspunkt werden, aber wir müssen uns erheben zum Unpersönlichen, weil nur durch Menschen in die Welt kommen kann, was kommen soll. Autoritätenglaube ist aus dem anthroposophischen Lexikon zu streichen, und darum gerade gelangen Menschen, die sich in diese Erkenntnis einleben, zu einer Unbefangenheit, so daß sie durch das Persönliche in das Unpersönliche des Weltenganges hineinkommen.
2. What is self-knowledge?
Vienna, November 23, 1908
The day before yesterday, we dealt with a topic that is occult in the most eminent sense, offering a glimpse into the higher worlds. Yesterday, in our public lecture, we looked at the methods and activities that enable human beings to awaken the abilities and powers that lie dormant in their souls, so that they gradually become capable of recognizing these higher worlds. The topic we will deal with today is closely related to both of these, and it also has a certain connection with all anthroposophical endeavors. Not only is it often said in theory that anthroposophical spiritual science is nothing other than a comprehensive, universal self-knowledge of the human being, a self-knowledge of the human being in such a way that the deepest reason, the deepest essence of one's own I becomes clear and, with it, knowledge of the world. But I am not only saying that you can often find this statement in theosophical literature and elsewhere, but that true, genuine self-knowledge is also something that must run parallel to all real research in the field of the higher worlds, parallel to all development of the inner soul forces. The ancient saying, “Know thyself,” means a great deal, very much indeed, especially to anthroposophists. Today we want to consider what can be called self-knowledge in the spiritual scientific sense at the various stages of human development. Let us start with the most ordinary, everyday self-knowledge and ascend to that self-knowledge which can be called world knowledge in the anthroposophical sense, and let us take into account, in all the individual things we have to discuss, what might be called the “occult” side, the occult aspect.
Self-knowledge is all the more important to discuss within the anthroposophical worldview because, when properly understood, it can encompass the highest goal of anthroposophical striving, but when misunderstood, it can become something extremely dangerous. Misunderstood self-knowledge is what, especially at the beginning of spiritual scientific striving, tends to lead us away from the true path that is laid out for us in anthroposophy. Goethe, who was well versed in this field in many respects, once said that he had a certain distrust of the expression “self-knowledge,” that it meant something that people who had basically, in some way, through false melancholy or self-numbing, had strayed into completely wrong waters. And this is a perfectly correct way of putting it. In the field of spiritual science, we repeatedly have the opportunity to contemplate the complex nature of human beings when we remember what we all know: that, from an anthroposophical perspective, we divide human beings into the physical body, what we call the etheric body, the astral body, and the actual ego. And when we consider that what we call the self is fundamentally connected with all these members of human nature, we easily come to the conclusion that self-knowledge is something extremely complicated.
To anticipate the simplest, lowest form of self-knowledge, let us remember that we must distinguish between these four members of human nature, depending on their current relationship, between the waking and dreamless sleeping human being, that we must say that in the sleeping human being, the physical and etheric bodies are abandoned by the astral body and the ego carrier, and that the latter two are outside the body. But we know at the same time that it is normal for the present human cycle that the human ego can only become conscious of itself when it uses the physical organs to make perceptions on the physical plane. So in a spiritual scientific sense we speak of an ego carrier that persists through those states we call unconscious sleep. But we must say of this ego carrier that it can only develop the present side of consciousness and self-consciousness, that is, bring it into the immediate field of observation, when it makes use of the physical organs, that is, when it re-enters the physical and etheric bodies in the morning. Here we have the self-consciousness that is normal for modern human beings, and we must ask ourselves: What is the essence of this self-consciousness at its lowest level? But the question is better defined if we say: How does man come to recognize that which dwells in his physical body from morning to evening and makes use of the physical organs? How does man come to a knowledge of the essence of the whole or of the self? It is easy to believe that man must now look within himself, that he must, so to speak, explore himself. This leads us to all kinds of self-knowledge that are practiced and recommended. For example, people should observe what they do, what their characteristics and faults are, they should brood over their inner selves and try to recognize how much they are worth, how capable they are of this or that action, and so on. This is where the dangers of misunderstood self-knowledge begin, and that is why we must speak of the dangers. We always keep in mind that man should try to ascend to the higher worlds. We also know that this ascent is something that makes man something completely different from what he is today, and therefore it is natural that certain obstacles stand in the way. Through false self-knowledge, the ascent becomes just as dangerous as it is made possible by true self-knowledge. This kind of self-knowledge, which one might rather call brooding over one's everyday ego, paying attention to one's mistakes, is false and dangerous, because it actually tends to throw people back, precisely because the comprehensive standard for judgment is lacking.
When a person, through ordinary consideration of their merits and faults, says: You did that right, you did that wrong, you must improve there—this presupposes that they have a standard by which to judge themselves. This standard also becomes, so to speak, a measure of value for what the person will become in the future. And in this way, the person will never actually transcend themselves, and that is precisely what the anthroposophist must always tell themselves: do not stand still, but always, step by step, move beyond this point. - A saying that should be taken to heart is: Everything you do in relation to the development of the soul and everything that brings you forward on the path of life is well done; everything that keeps you at the same point is, in essence, a loss for your soul. - No self-knowledge that drives people to contrite repentance or leads them to self-satisfaction can bring them forward. If we want to gain an insight into what is important, we must ask ourselves: What does the real human being usually depend on? You will easily be able to put yourself in the following situation: What would happen to my ideas, my feelings and emotions if this individuality, which has passed from incarnation to incarnation and will continue to do so, had not been born, say, so many years ago in Vienna, but fifty years earlier in Moscow? What would this individuality then have as its content; what sensations, feelings, ideas, thoughts, and concepts would then permeate this individuality and give it its peculiar basic tone? Completely different ones! You can most easily imagine this if you reflect on how your ideas and feelings run from morning to evening, how much of them depends on when and where you came into the world. Try to calculate this precisely, subtracting from your inner soul everything that is conditioned by the when and where of your birth. Cast all these ideas out of your soul life. Try to think about what remains, and above all, try to think about how many of these ideas that pass through your soul from morning to night have any validity or value at all, apart from the place and time of your life between birth and death. You will see how important it is for the self to pay close attention to the extent to which it is influenced by the when and where. You will not learn to recognize this by brooding over your inner self, but by taking the poet's saying to heart: If you want to know yourself, get to know yourself through others! — through your surroundings. And so, in a strange way, we are led away from brooding over our souls and toward saying: In order to get to know our ego, we must create an open eye, an open mind for the uniqueness of the world in which we were born, in terms of when and where. The more we strive to have this open mind for the outside world, for what is around us, the more we come, in a spiritual-scientific sense, to what we can call self-knowledge in this lowest realm.
Let us learn, through a free view, so to speak, the whole tone color of our own time; let us try to make clear to ourselves how the peculiarities of our age, of the place in which we live, are available to us in the most manifold ways. This self-knowledge, which points us from our self to our surroundings, is highly unique. If we get to know this external world of ours, if we try to penetrate its spirit, to explore what has crystallized us, then we will recognize our ego as a mirror image. This is an objective path. Looking inside oneself is dangerous. One should recognize the causes of why one is this way or that way. These can be discovered in one's surroundings; this distracts us from ourselves. So, first we have what gives us the ability to recognize ourselves, insofar as we are an I that uses physical organs to live with its environment.
Now this ego makes use of the organ of the etheric body, the life body, that fine organism which is very familiar to anthroposophical spiritual scientists in terms of its nature, which permeates the physical body and is a constant fighter against the decay of the physical body. Now, when the self submerges into the physical and etheric bodies in the morning, it works in both bodies in the present human cycle, that is, also in the etheric body. What comes into consideration here is not what makes us what we are in terms of place and time, the when and where, but something more. Something else hangs on the etheric body, something that is even more deeply connected to our self, something that goes beyond birth and death. This brings us to what this self brings with it in a certain sense, something that comes from the past and extends into the future, something that this self already has when it is embodied in a physical body. Viewed externally, by simply looking at the human being superficially, what we call talents, predispositions, special abilities of the self are particularly evident in the etheric body, and here we are already in a certain sense in a more difficult area of self-knowledge. Although this is a relatively low stage compared to what self-knowledge is at the higher stages of development, human beings will not get very far if they brood over their inner selves and try to figure out: What are your talents and abilities?
It would go too far today to give a reason for what I am about to say based on the nature of human beings. The worst enemies of self-knowledge lie in wait when human beings begin to try to become clear about their talents and abilities through self-contemplation. It is precisely here that they must shift their focus from themselves to their surroundings, from the personal to the impersonal. We must now direct our observations to the realm of the etheric body, to our connection with this or that race. We must ask ourselves: To which branch of humanity do you actually belong? And we should strive to explore the unique characteristics of the group of humanity to which we belong through family, race, and people, in comparison with the universal characteristics of the entire human race. Let us therefore learn about what runs through the line of inheritance, what develops from great-grandfather to grandfather and so on, and what gives the self its distinctive character within this line of inheritance, what is not directly related to when and where, but is connected with deeper fundamental laws of human existence. If we get to know these characteristics, we will in turn find the right background from which to see how our own self stands out from this background. But any brooding over the self before considering this background is harmful. So, although anthroposophy demands of us a more uncomfortable kind of self-knowledge than that which is often meant in phrases, there is no other way to arrive at true self-knowledge, because the standard is missing, because one broods only on one's own point of view and has no standard of comparison.
Now I would like to tie this in with occult facts. We all know that the human body is surrounded by an aura, embedded in this astral aura, which is visible to clairvoyant consciousness as an oval cloud. The fact that a person is born into a specific time and place determines the extent of their aura in a certain way. A person who has a very narrow horizon, who can therefore only experience and judge what is within themselves and who wants to be guided solely by the impulses of their will, by what spurs them on unseen from their surroundings, who is therefore the product of when and where, shows the clairvoyant consciousness something compressed and depressed in their aura. In this case, the aura is not large and does not extend far beyond the physical body. The moment a person broadens their horizons, the moment they develop an open mind, an open eye for observing their surroundings, we actually see how the aura expands in all directions, how it becomes more comprehensive in relation to the boundaries of the physical body. Human beings thus become spiritually greater inwardly by expanding their horizons in relation to their conceptual and emotional worlds. For clairvoyant consciousness, this is strikingly evident in people who are an echo of their surroundings, whose aura is small. But when people begin to refine their judgment and become independent, so that they eventually distinguish themselves from the common view, then clairvoyant consciousness sees how the aura expands, how it becomes large, how the human being becomes finer and more comprehensive within themselves.
As grotesque as it may sound to many, awareness of one's surroundings is the first step toward self-awareness. Awareness of one's family and race is the second step. In a person who, in their emotional and volitional impulses, tries to free themselves from what they have been placed in, in their people, race, family, and so on, clairvoyant consciousness sees not only how the aura expands, but also how it becomes more mobile within itself, how it acquires vibrations, whereas before it was dead, immobile. Now, this already indicates that what we call special characteristics and abilities are connected with this line of inheritance, though not directly, but in a certain way.
How can we now rise above what are, so to speak, the determining factors, the causes of the inner structure of the self? Not much has been achieved for human beings when they recognize themselves in this way. As far as his talents and abilities are concerned, not much will generally be achieved if man merely forms an idea about his ancestry and hereditary line; he will not be able to move beyond that. Only spiritual scientific experience can speak here. It is a matter of spiritual scientific experience providing that which makes man independent of talents and abilities. This remedy does not resemble what it is intended to achieve, but it is the remedy: when a person tries to acquire a warm, heartfelt feeling for what initially interests them little, for what they find difficult to be interested in, and especially when they make their interests varied, then they will develop their individuality out of their inherited abilities.
The first step, the recognition of one's surroundings, will be accomplished relatively quickly; the second—this self-education—only slowly transforms the talents. Yes, it must even be pointed out that sometimes, for the sake of this incarnation, one must refrain from transforming one's talents, but the path is initiated, and it is extremely important that we really try. Then the clairvoyant consciousness will very soon show how the aura becomes mobile within itself, how it becomes vibrating. At least in the early stages, we will see a transformation of our own nature. In this gradual self-education, what we can call impersonal self-knowledge will then arise quite naturally.
Now we come to the third important area. We now come to consider that part of ourselves which lives out its existence by being enclosed in an astral body, the vehicle of pleasure and pain, of passions and so on. This astral body is lifted out of the physical and etheric bodies during dreamless sleep. The ordinary human being has never consciously separated the astral body from the physical and etheric bodies. Clairvoyant consciousness can do this, but normal consciousness cannot. What law of human nature will now express itself in the astral body? That which we call karma lives out in the self, that which is the peculiarity of the self or of individuality, that which not only develops in the line of inheritance, but which passes from incarnation to incarnation, that which is therefore connected with one's own deeds, with one's own experiences of the soul through incarnations. What a person experiences through their bodies, that is, what is lived out as a purely spiritual law of cause and effect, comes into consideration at the third stage of self-knowledge.
The question now arises: Can a person do anything to attain self-knowledge in this area? In answering a question, I was able to indicate how difficult it is in the present cycle of humanity to even comprehend the effect of karma. I said, for example, that it is predetermined in a person's karma that he must take a trip in a certain period of time, say in fourteen days. But now he decides that he has to do something in three weeks because he does not see the karma, because he knows nothing about it. He then directs everything toward this until he receives the news that he must now undertake the journey. Now the two lines of direction collide with each other. What he has done comes into conflict with his karmic line. You can see from this that something new is always added to karma. This reinforces and links the lines of karma. This means that in their normal development, human beings find it difficult to assess the path of the self, of the I, insofar as this chain of karma is taken into account; for unless they have a highly developed clairvoyant consciousness, they cannot know what lies in their karma.
Now the question is: Can self-knowledge be attained to this degree in normal life? Here I must immediately indicate the means which spiritual scientific experience gives us, which makes it possible for human beings, so to speak, not to overlook what is karmically right and to do the right thing at a certain moment. It is a completely false view that is sometimes encountered, namely that human beings are not free because of karma. Karma does not make us unfree. It is precisely because of their freedom that human beings can do something at every moment that creates karma. Karma does not therefore exclude the possibility that the karmic thread can be interwoven and linked back and forth. Can human beings do anything to place themselves in a certain relationship to their karma, in such a way that they do not counteract this karma too much and thereby create new causes that only bring them back instead of forward? There is one thing that has the effect of bringing people more and more into the direction that their karmic line wants to take them, and that is something that is always practiced and discussed in circles that cultivate the anthroposophical worldview. It is precisely that which arises as a disposition in the soul under the influence of a worldview such as the anthroposophical one. That is what draws people ever deeper into karma. We must adjust ourselves correctly in the anthroposophical way; the complacent people who only talk about how people should deepen themselves, should seek God within themselves, will lead people little further on their path. Rather, it is precisely that which leads them away from their own person, which gives them a worldview that makes a supersensible worldview possible for them, that leads them further. Everything that is offered to us in anthroposophy allows us to look into supersensible events. At first, human beings cannot be clairvoyant themselves; they must accept what clairvoyant researchers tell them. Nor is it absolutely necessary for them to be clairvoyant, any more than it is necessary for them to pick up a telescope or microscope. What researchers in this field communicate can be grasped entirely through unbiased logic. Human beings must, so to speak, make themselves into instruments in order to be able to research the supersensible realm; but everything can be understood without one having to become an instrument oneself.
When the anthroposophist forms a picture of what the higher worlds look like, of what goes on behind the sensory facts, this does not remain without effect on his entire emotional and sensory life. We must take this to heart and not give in to the convenient excuse that it does not matter how much one learns, but rather that one has this or that moral principle. The fact is that in anthroposophical spiritual science, learning cannot be dispensed with, and anyone who says, “What do I care about theories of higher worlds and so on?” is on the wrong track. Certainly, the anthroposophical attitude is important; that is a self-evident condition; but just as a stove warms a room when it is heated because fuel has been put in it and lit, so it is with human beings. But if you only preach to the stove, saying, “Dear stove, your duty is to warm the room,” it will not warm the room. If you always preach to people that it is their duty to love and so on, little will come of it. It is of little use for us to stand there as moral preachers, because all moral preaching leaves humanity as it is. If you heat the stove, it warms the room. Give it fuel, and it will cause the room to warm up. Give people the worldview that anthroposophy can give them about supersensible facts, and then what is contained in the first principle of the Theosophical Society — universal brotherhood — will necessarily follow. An anthroposophical attitude is necessary, but repeating this over and over again does not help. It will surely emerge in the form in which it is effective for the world when knowledge of the higher world, supersensible knowledge of the world, becomes accessible. Just as plants open themselves to the one sun, so all who strive for this knowledge of the world strive toward the one central sun, and all other consequences follow of themselves. Such is the anthroposophical attitude as it arises from spiritual scientific knowledge.
This is what enables human beings to live in accordance with their karma. It is now a matter of human beings coming to put the anthroposophical teaching into practice. If karma is not to remain an abstract idea, if it is to become effective, it is necessary to try introducing this idea of karma into life, at least on a trial basis, because the diversity and unrest of our everyday life make it impossible to remain constantly self-observed. It is necessary to ask ourselves what it means to think karmically.
Let us take a radical case as an example: someone has slapped another person—me, for example. What does “thinking karmically” mean in such a case? I was there in a previous life, and so was the other person. Perhaps in that previous life, I caused him to act as he does now, pushed him to do so, trained him to do so, as it were. I don't want to theorize, I want to put forward a hypothesis that is intended to become a hypothesis about life. If I think this way, will he slap me? No, he won't slap me at all. I slap myself, because I myself put my hand there, I myself raised the hand that he raised against me.
Now only experience can tell us what happens next, and it tells us the following: If a person seriously tries to grasp the idea of karma in this way, asking such questions from time to time, in all earnestness and dignity, he will actually see that he succeeds. No one can prove this to you. You must prove it to yourself by doing it. You will see that your inner life actually becomes completely different, you will have completely different feelings, impulses of will about life, and a completely different inner life will show its consequences; it will show itself in a completely different place. Where you would have experienced great pain and disappointment, you will calmly accept the pain; you are balanced because you have done and thought this way. The result is that a strange calm comes over your entire soul, a kind of lawful understanding of events, by no means fatalistic.
This is also the path one must take if one wants to gradually develop the idea of karma and hold fast to this idea as a certainty. The idea of karma can be argued against. Those who wish to put forward reasons may do so. It is not possible to prove such a thing theoretically, but only through trial, and experience will give you the results. When it becomes intense, experience provides the means to understand karma in the first instance. Then you realize from the grouping of things that it is really something that lies in things, just as you realize whether you have a fantasy image or whether you have the reality of the steel bar when you touch it. Thus, experience itself must provide that summary of the facts of life through which we gradually integrate our arbitrariness, our inner impulses of will, into our karma. This work of our life, which is complicated, is one of the best means of reaching a third stage of true self-knowledge. Through it, you gradually learn to feel what is the residue of your past life in your present life.
This insight is not as cheap as brooding over it, because it must first come to you from your surroundings. It is above all a matter of going out of yourself, even with the highest self-knowledge, which is knowledge of the world. Fichte said: Most people would rather consider themselves a piece of lava on the moon than an I. - There one learns to know the self more in its punctual existence, more than a point. This self is recognized as a punctual image of the whole world. In this sense, self-knowledge is, if you will, knowledge of God, not in the pantheistic sense, but as a drop of the same substance and essence as the whole sea. And just as this drop reveals the essence and nature of the whole sea, so man is of the same essence as the divinity he can know; but no one would think of explaining the drop as the sea. We can recognize the substance and essence of the divine as that of the sea from the drop, but no one would presume to say that knowledge of the drop is sufficient for them; and surely everyone would say that they are concerned with knowledge of the sea, and that happens when you sail around it. So you learn to recognize the divine in particular when you grasp the drop of the divine within yourself, in your inner being, but you cannot know that of which this is only a drop or spark within you in any other way than by immersing yourself selflessly in the great supersensible worlds in the highest manner. If we want to know ourselves, we must go completely out of ourselves and explore the supersensible worlds in the deepest way.
For the third stage, what has been said about reincarnation and karma should suffice. For the highest self-knowledge, we must attain knowledge of the great cosmic connection of our Earth; for we are a part of our Earth, just as a finger is a part of the whole organism. The finger does not give itself over to the illusion that it is an independent entity; cut it off, and it is no longer a finger. If it could walk around on your body, it could give itself over to the illusion that it is an independent organism, just like a human being. Human beings do not consider that if you lift them a few miles above the earth, they are no longer human beings. Human beings are a member of the earth's organism, and the earth is in turn a member of the cosmos. We can only see this when we grasp the basis of the cosmic connection. All thinking about the self without comprehensive knowledge of the world, without understanding how the I needed all events that have ever existed, is futile; without this overview, we cannot arrive at any knowledge, not even of the I-self. We arrive at a knowledge of the daytime I when we examine the environment in terms of when and where. We find the knowledge of how the I lives out its life in the etheric body when we consider the line of inheritance. We find the knowledge of how the I lives out its life in the astral body when we live karma, and we find the final knowledge when we acquire knowledge of the world; for there is spread out what is compressed in the punctiform I of the human being. Knowledge of the world is self-knowledge.
If you take to heart what is described in the essays “From the Akashic Records” about the development of the earth, which seems completely foreign to the soul, and how it ultimately leads to the present configuration, then you will have self-knowledge through knowledge of the world! In this way, self-knowledge leads us further and further out of ourselves, always toward the impersonal. Just as the application of karma in life makes the aura brighter and lighter, so the actual knowledge of cosmic connections makes the aura more powerful and capable of creating originally free impulses from within itself. This brings you to the solution to the question of freedom and bondage. For freedom is a product of development, and the more you attain self-knowledge, the more you attain freedom. Then, through such an exercise in self-knowledge in the sense described above, you come to understand many things in the field of spiritual science in the right sense and to feel your way into the anthroposophical spiritual current. Many things haunt the anthroposophical movement like childhood diseases, which must be eliminated, especially once such things have been understood as instructions for self-knowledge. The impersonal nature of anthroposophical knowledge will be recognized more and more. It has been achieved because it has been gained by researchers who have not only transformed their souls into instruments of self-knowledge, but have also developed them—as has just been explained—and have thus come to describe impersonally what the higher worlds offer. A first principle to be gained is the old, beautiful principle of the Greek sage: If you want to get to the truth, you can't trust your own opinion. That's why you'll find that people who've really learned through spiritual science say, “Yeah, opinions aren't helpful to me; I can describe experiences, but not rules or principles for how to act, and these descriptions should be part of spiritual science.” The spiritual scientist must wean himself of opinions and standpoints. He has no standpoint, because all views are like pictures that arise from different standpoints and are as different as the people who view the world from different sides. From one side, the picture is of a materialistic view, then from other sides of a spiritual, a mechanistic, a vitalistic view. These are all views. Not only to recognize them theoretically, but to live with a worldview in which all views appear as images from different sides, that is the inner tolerance that is at stake. Opinions should not fight each other. Then the inner tolerance arises, and from this the outer tolerance that we need if humanity wants to move toward its salvation in the future.
Special emphasis must also be placed on the insight that the ideas flowing through the anthroposophical world current are a product of the impersonal. This will lead us to eliminate from the anthroposophical movement, in the sense in which it existed in earlier times and still exists today, authority in the negative sense. Do we call the microscope an authority? It is a necessity, a means to an end. In the same way, human beings must also become a means to an end, but we must rise to the impersonal, because only through human beings can what is to come into the world actually come into being. Belief in authority must be removed from the anthroposophical lexicon, and that is why people who live in this realization attain a freedom of mind that allows them to enter the impersonal realm of the world through the personal.