The World Ash: Yggdrasil
GA 101
7 October 1907, Berlin
During the next few lectures we will study the relationship of what one might call occult or mystic symbols to the astral and spiritual worlds. You are constantly meeting signs, symbols, stories which are dismissed by complete materialists as no more than poetic fancies. They assume that such things arise in some way from the imaginings of simple people and they regard them as meaningless nonsense. Or you may meet well-disposed people who speculate as to the meaning of such symbols as the pentagram, and so on. At the Munich Congress we made it clear that we ascribe a certain importance to occult signs. The true occultist, however, does not speculate, but tries to find the actual facts. You will never discover the meaning of occult signs through philosophical speculation, and much that is said and written about their meaning is valueless, because it comes only from thinking. Nevertheless these signs are important to us, for they are, as it were, instruments through which we can rise into higher worlds.
To-day let us consider another form of symbolism; it is one already familiar to you, and we will now try to discover its real origin and value.
Before we pass on to this, we must make some preliminary observations about human beings. You will soon see why a subject seemingly quite remote is introduced.
Let us go back to a point of time in evolution familiar to all of you. You know that our own age was preceded by the Atlantean age. In primeval times there was land where now lies the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, and the territory we now occupy was covered far and wide with water. There, in Atlantis, our forefathers dwelt, for in truth the European population has for the most part sprung from the descendants of Atlantean peoples. There was once a migration of the peoples from west to cast. From ancient Atlantis, which lay between present-day Europe and America, they travelled far over towards the east, when the floods which now constitute the Atlantic Ocean engulfed this earlier part of the earth.
In the last third of the Atlantean age, a little band representing the most advanced people of the time gathered in the north-east, in the region of present-day Ireland. The whole of Atlantis was covered with thick, heavy mist, and in the memory of the Germanic peoples was called “Niflheim.”
In this ancient time, when the air was continually weighted with heavy masses of water, soul-life, too, was quite different. There was still an ancient clairvoyance; at that time men could see into the spiritual world. When you approached anyone, certain colour-phenomena arose before your soul which told you whether the man was sympathetic to you or not. It was the same with animals; when you approached an animal, you could judge whether it was harmful to you or not. A primitive clairvoyance existed in Atlantis.
Mankind passes through various stages of evolution; men could not remain in that dull clairvoyance; the present-day method of perception through the senses had to come. The old clairvoyance had to fall into abeyance for a while, though it will have to be won back again in the future, as an addition to the present clear day-consciousness. What is to-day the basis of our external culture—the use of reason, of intelligence—was not at the disposal of the old Atlantean clairvoyants; it had to be acquired. Man’s eyes and his ears, his organs of sense-perception, had to focus on the outer world; the inner spiritual eye withdrew for a while. Thus the migration of our forefathers towards the east was an event asso¬ciated with the loss of the ancient clairvoyance.
In was in this little band of people, living in the neighbourhood of present-day Ireland, that the faculty of calculation, of counting, had first developed. They were the first to travel towards the east. And as the floods continued to pour in, more and more people followed them; they populated the soil of present-day Europe. A double vision of things existed in these peoples; they had a capacity for observing the outer sense-world, for counting, calculating, combining, which eventually made possible the technical progress of the present day. But in their hearts they bore also something else—memory and longing, the memory of the worlds into which they had gazed, and the longing somehow to reach this spiritual world again. Great numbers of people brought with them to Europe the remains of the ancient clairvoyance. Many of our European forefathers, if they sat quietly in the twilight or in the night, could still see vividly into the spiritual world. Many had retained, not only the memory of that world, but even, in certain exceptional states, the capacity to see into it. And others had a characteristic which has vanished in the course of evolution far more than one realises—a characteristic which was then very common, and far more intense than anyone can imagine to-day; I mean the capacity for trust, for genuine faith. Those who knew what to say about the spiritual world found faith, because love and trust, especially in European countries, were potent forces. The critical attitude, the insistence upon personal conviction which one meets to-day, was something which occurred to no one. When we look at this ancient population, we see that deep down in their souls they were fully aware of the spiritual world which lies behind this sense-world.
Now we will try to understand how the new perception of the man who looks at objects through his senses came into being. I have already hinted that something happened to that little band of men in the north through whom calculating, counting, combining became a human faculty. I indicated that man’s etheric body was then drawn into the physical head. Whereas formerly the part of the etheric head in the region of the eyebrows was outside, it was now drawn inwards, and the two parts became one. Thereby man attained to self-consciousness, to ego-consciousness. In Atlantean man part of the etheric head, which is to-day coincident with the physical head, projected far beyond the head—hence man’s insight into the spiritual world, his clairvoyance.
Now let us transplant ourselves for a moment into the souls of this Atlantean population, first into those primeval times when men still had their etheric heads far outside their physical heads, and then into that period of Atlantis when the two had already come to coincide. The Atlantean was able to see this drawing-in of the etheric head, and it seemed to him very strange. Let us try to bring this before our souls. I will describe it to you.
“Whence come the faculties which I am now acquiring?” said the Atlantean to himself. “They come from the external world.” Previously he had seen a spiritual world outside him. It was all around him. What did it show him?
If you could suddenly become clairvoyant in the same measure as the Atlantean, what would happen in your souls? You would see spiritual beings all around you. This physical world would be peopled by the beings of the astral and spiritual planes. You would actually see these beings. Where would they have come from? They would come through your own faculties, faculties which are now dormant in you, but would then be awake. It would seem to you as if something streamed out of your own selves. But in former times this something had first to stream in. All the spiritual conceptions that man is now able to acquire were then living beings outside him. The Atlantean watched these beings draw into him. He said to himself: “I begin to see things with my eyes, to hear sounds and tones with my ears; I begin to see what is perceptible by the senses.” This capacity streamed into him from without.
Let us take another look at old Atlantis. The land was covered with large masses of watery mist. This watery mist varied in density. Especially in the first and last periods of Atlantis, it was different in the neighbourhood of present-day Ireland from what it was in the other regions. In the south this watery mist was warm, like warm or hot vaporous matter; toward the north it was cool. Towards the end of Atlantis it became colder. It was this northern cold which brought out in men, as if by a spell, the new vision, the new soul-life. Never would the faculty of judgment, the intellect, have been able to make its first appearance in humanity in the fiery glow of the south. The Atlantean in the neighbourhood of Ireland felt the sense-organs stream into him, organs which permeated him with the capacity for seeing things outside him. He felt that he owed this to the cooling of the air.
The outer perception of objects is associated with nerves. For each of our sense-organs a nerve goes out from the brain—one to the eye, one to the ear, and so on. These nerves, which to-day enable men to bring sense-impressions to consciousness, were inert until the outward vision of things came into existence. The Atlantean clairvoyant thus saw coming towards him the forces which made these nerves into sense-nerves. He experienced the whole situation as streams flowing into his head from outside and then penetrating the nerves in his head.
Now among the nerves which were brought into activity at that time, nerves which we can still trace anatomically, there were twelve pairs. Ten of them are in the several parts of the human head, to set the organs in movement … for instance, when you move your eyes, there is an eye nerve, and this is not the nerve of sight. Thus there are ten pairs of nerves emanating from the human head, and two pairs of nerves that travel further downwards. And the Atlantean felt twelve streams enter into him; he saw them. What you now have in yourselves as nerves seemed to him to be brought about by twelve streams entering into him.
While it is true that we owe the twelve nerve-fibres to the fact that the air became colder, that the whole of “Niflheim” became a cold land, something else also was needed. Up to this time the heart had had quite a different task. In a being who conjured up his environment clairvoyantly before the soul, the blood circulation had to be quite different from what it now became for this Atlantean, as the external world gradually revealed itself to his external senses. This transformation of the heart was brought about by the warmer region of Atlantis. You must imagine a people who began to undergo a transformation of the heart, while at the same time the other part of their nature was being stimulated by the cold north.
The streams which came from the north transformed the human forehead to such an extent that man could become a thinker, an observer through the senses. These northern forces, acting on the twelve streams—this is what made man into a thinker. And the warm stream gave him feeling, gave him sensitivity, and also his present-day capacity for living in the senses. Because the heart now filled with blood, had become a different organ, bodily nutrition also had to change. For with the change in the blood circulation, the sap nourishing it from without had to become quite different. Man was worked upon from two sides, so that on the one hand a physical body could be created capable of becoming the bearer of the brain, while on the other hand the physical parts could be supplied with the blood that was needed by this transformed man.
All this came before the ancient Atlantean seer as a picture. The inflow of the spiritual was represented as twelve streams coming down from the cold north, and that which remoulded the heart was what pressed upwards as fire from the south. This was his actual astral vision. And a picture was to be seen for what transformed the physical man with his bony system into the man who sees in the modern way—the picture of primeval man. And again a picture for that which nourished him, the picture of animal nature.
How was all this put before the people? They would not have been able to understand it: they had still retained an old clairvoyance. What had to be said to convey to them the truth in a form they could understand? This is what one would have had to say to them: “Before you were able to see into the world which you now recognise as your world, there was nothing but a dark, yawning space like a chasm; you are gradually projecting pictures into this space. But all that is there in space has come from this chasm.”
This is the ancient Germanic chaos. Then the seer would say: “From the north there flowed hither twelve actually visible streams, and from the south came sparks of fire—it is this that has brought about the new form of the digestive system.” And he would go on to say: “Through the union of the fire-sparks with the twelve streams, two beings arose—the Giant Ymir and the Cow Audhumla.” Who is this giant Ymir? He is the thinking man, who has come into being out of the chaos; he is the new body which has been created by the twelve streams. And the cow Audhumla is the new nutritive element. In the new man the giant Ymir and the cow Audhumla are united. Here we have the origin of the Germanic version of Genesis.
The ancient Druid priest derived his wisdom from what had actually occurred. He knew that he would be understood if he described what was presented to the seer in the astral—the twelve streams which come from the north and constitute the twelve pairs of nerves, and the sparks of fire which are emitted from the south and unite with the northern streams.
And how beautifully it is told! The two worlds have arisen from the cold Niflheim and the hot, flame-flashing Muspelheim—so we are told. Niflheim releases the twelve streams, Muspelheim the sparks of fire. And now let us go a stage further.
We know that in the moment when the etheric body of the head united with the physical head, the ego arose as a clear self-conscious ego. Of course, man had already felt himself to be an ego-being, but until then ego-consciousness had not dawned on him. What had happened to him? There was the influence of the twelve streams which had permeated his head with the nerves of the brain; but there was also the influence derived from the union of the trunk, the rest of the body, with the head—derived, that is, from the cow Audhumla. These two things united at that time; you can see this clearly in the human being. What came from the south is connected with an earlier, quite different formation which had developed out of a quite different human condition. What is new is the sexual principle. This was one thing which had established itself clearly in man. The second new thing was the form of the heart itself; and the third thing, which developed little by little at this time, was speech. Speech, too, is a creation of Atlantis. Without speech you cannot envisage the higher spirituality. Neither can you think of it without the self-conscious sexual being. Thus the new man is marvellously organised. His thinking, his vision of external objects, is membered into his head; as a sort of counterbalance to his thinking we have conscious sexuality, the conscious heart-principle, and conscious speech, which is the expression of his inner world.
All this, too, is imaged on the astral plane, as well as the twelve streams. It appears as a tree with three roots—sexuality, the heart, and speech. These three are in communication with the head. The nervous currents stream unceasingly to and fro, like a being who is constantly running up and down—like a being in whom the lower part seems to be in continuous conflict with the spiritual. These two streams are in constant conflict with one another. The nerve fluids are all the time flowing down from above and back again. The clairvoyant sees this happening. That is really the picture of the coming into being of modern man in preparation for post-Atlantean times.
The ancient Druid priest, too, had to speak in this way. He had to say: “This can be seen, this is how it is.” The people did not understand it, but he could describe it to them in a picture. Therefore he said to them: “What exists in man to-day, what is now living in him, the ego-personality, comes from three sources. One of these sources, which existed previously but has only now come to consciousness, derives from Niflheim. But there is a snake gnawing all the time at this particular root, from which the whole tree originates. This snake is called Nidhoggr.” One can really see this snake biting; for the excesses of the sexual principle are something that bites at man.
Then we have the second root, which is there because the new life of man comes from the heart. Everything he does comes under the impulse of his heart; he feels what makes him happy or unhappy; he feels the present, and also what he owes to those with whom he grows into the future—the real human destiny felt by the heart. And the priest-sages said: “Here is the root beside which the Norns sit and spin—the three Norns, Urdb, Verdhandi and Skuld, past, present and future.”
The third root is what man experiences as speech. Hence Mimir’s Well is at this root—Mimir, who drinks the draught of wisdom. And up above the tree-tops reach into the realms of the spirit: and out of the spiritual come drops of the fructifying nerve-fluid. Hence it was said: “Up above is a she-goat who perpetually fructifies what is down below.” And this fructifying principle was also described as a squirrel which runs down from above and carries back grumblings from below.
The new man in the new world is like a tree, an ash that has three roots. One root comes from the north, from Niflheim; the second from the warm Muspelheim; and the third from Mimir’s Well. They are fructified from above by the goat, and a squirrel runs down and returns with complaints from below. The whole is called ‘the World Ash’—Yggdrasil. In this tree the cosmic forces are gathered together. The tree is the ‘ego-bearer.’ Yggdrasil means ego-bearer. ‘Ygg’ is ‘I’, and ‘drasil’ comes from the same root as the German verb tragen (to bear).
Now try to remember how many learned and ignorant, clever and stupid explanations of this Germanic myth have been given. None of them has any value for occultism. For occultists the statement that every sign—and even stories are signs—has its reality in the spiritual world holds good, and only when we know what is in tune with the spiritual world do we know the true significance of signs and myths. No one can revive and make use of the forces that reside in the Germanic line of development who does not approach myths in this way. No sign has a significance in occultism that cannot be seen in the higher world, and the ancient myths are signs, realities. If we are able to decipher the writing, we gaze deep into past ages, and at the same time the myths fructify us. Our abstract science can point to the twelve pairs of nerves: the occultist leads us into the entire cosmic connection. And in this way the whole connection becomes clear, as a symbol for the hidden spiritual. Therefore the occultist says, “If a man knows himself rightly, he knows himself to be a symbol.”
Man himself, as a transitory being, is a symbol for something that is imperishable. But when he recognises the imperishable, there dawns in him the recognition of his own imperishable core.
[ 1 ] Wir wollen in dieser und in den nächsten Stunden das betrachten, was man nennen könnte: Okkulte oder auch mystische Sinnbilder in ihren Beziehungen zur astralen und geistigen Welt. Immer wieder treten vor Ihnen diese und jene Zeichen, Symbole, Erzählungen auf; und nun kommen diejenigen, die materialistisch gesinnt sind und sagen, das sei alles Dichtung. Es wird als irgendwie aus der Volksphantasie entlehnt angenommen und nur betrachtet als eine leere Phantasterei. Oder es kommen die Gutgesinnten und spekulieren alles mögliche über das, was zum Beispiel das Pentagramm und andere Symbole bedeuten. Bei unserem Kongreß in München haben wir sogar Zeichen und Symbole zur Ausschmückung unseres Saales gebraucht und damit schon angedeutet, daß wir den okkulten Zeichen eine gewisse Bedeutung beimessen. Aber der wahre Okkultist spekuliert nicht darüber, sondern er sucht die wirklichen Tatsachen. Durch eine philosophische Spekulation können Sie nie und nimmer auf die Bedeutung eines okkulten Zeichens kommen, und vieles, was gesagt und geschrieben wird über okkulte Zeichen und ihre Bedeutung, ist vergeblich geschrieben, weil es nur aus der Spekulation, dem mehr oder weniger geistreichen Darüber-Nachdenken heraus geschrieben ist. Doch diese okkulten Zeichen sind für uns wichtig, denn sie sind etwas wie Instrumente, durch die wir hinaufkommen können in die höheren Welten.
[ 2 ] Wir haben schon manches über die Bedeutung wichtiger Symbole gehört, so zum Beispiel über das Symbolische, das sich auf die Zahl 666 bezieht, und wir haben da tief in die religiöse Urkunde der Apokalypse eindringen können. Heute soll uns etwas ganz anderes aus der Symbolik beschäftigen. Es sind Symbole, die Ihnen schon öfter vor die Seele getreten sind, die wir nun ihrem Ursprung und ihrem wirklichen Wert nach kennenlernen wollen. Bevor wir zur Besprechung dieser Symbole übergehen, müssen wir eine Vorbetrachtung über den Menschen anstellen. Sie werden gleich sehen, warum etwas scheinbar ganz und gar Entlegenes angeführt wird, um gewisse Zeichen und Symbole zu erklären.
[ 3 ] Wir versetzen uns zurück an den Zeitpunkt unserer Menschheitsentwickelung, den Sie alle aus früheren Vorträgen kennen. Sie wissen, daß unserer jetzigen Zeit vorangegangen ist eine Zeit, die wir die atlantische Zeit nennen. Wo jetzt der Boden des Atlantischen Ozeans ist, zwischen Amerika und Europa, war vor Urzeiten Land, während unsere Gebiete weithin mit Wassermassen bedeckt waren. In diesem Lande wohnten unsere Vorfahren. In Wahrheit stammt der größte Teil der europäischen Bevölkerung nicht etwa aus dem Osten, sondern aus dem Westen und ist die Nachkommenschaft der atlantischen Bevölkerung. Von jenem Lande, der alten Atlantis, wo unsere Vorfahren und wir selbst in früheren Inkarnationen gewohnt haben, wanderten sie weit hinein nach Osten, als die Fluten, die jetzt den Atlantischen Ozean bilden, diesen früheren Erdteil verschlungen hatten.
[ 4 ] Im letzten Drittel der atlantischen Zeit gliederte sich im Nordosten - in der Gegend des heutigen Irland - ein kleines Häuflein heraus aus der Bevölkerung, die als die damals vorgeschrittenste sich darstellt. Das ganze atlantische Land war bedeckt mit schweren, dichten Nebelmassen und wird deshalb in der Erinnerung der germanischen Völkerschaften «Niflheim» genannt. In diesen alten Zeiten, als die Luft fortwährend mit dichten Wassermassen geschwängert war, da war das Seelenleben auch ein ganz anderes. Es war immer noch ein altes Hellsehen vorhanden; die Menschen haben damals hineingesehen in die geistige Welt. Wenn sie sich einem Menschen genähert haben, sahen sie vor ihrer Seele gewisse Farbenerscheinungen aufsteigen, die ihnen sagten, ob ihnen dieser Mensch sympathisch oder unsympathisch war. Ebenso war es mit den Tieren; wenn sie sich einem Tiere näherten, konnten sie sehen, ob es ihnen schadete oder nicht. Ein primitives Hellsehen war also in gewisser Beziehung in der atlantischen Zeit vorhanden.
[ 5 ] Die Menschheit machte nun verschiedene Entwickelungszustände durch; sie konnte nicht stehenbleiben bei jenem alten dumpfen Hellsehen; es mußte die heutige Art des Wahrnehmens durch die Sinne eintreten. Da mußte für eine gewisse Zeit das Hellsehen zurücktreten, das aber in der Zukunft wieder zu dem heutigen hellen Tagesbewußtsein hinzuerobert werden wird. Was die Menschen heute als Grundlage unserer äußeren Kultur haben, den Gebrauch der Vernunft, den Verstand, das war nicht den alten atlantischen Hellsehern eigen, das mußte erst erobert werden. Der Mensch mußte seine Augen und Ohren, seine Sinneswahrnehmungsorgane nach außen richten; das innere geistige Auge trat für eine Zeit zurück. Als unsere Vorfahren aus der alten Atlantis nach dem Osten hinüberwanderten, da war dieses Ereignis zugleich verknüpft mit dem Verlust des alten Hellsehens und mit dem Erringen der äußeren sinnlichen Wahrnehmung, mit dem Erringen von Fähigkeiten wie Zählen, Rechnen, Urteilen.
[ 6 ] Bei jenem kleinen Häuflein in der Nähe des heutigen Irland hatte sich zuerst die Fähigkeit des Rechnens, Zählens und so weiter ausgebildet. Diese Menschen zogen zunächst nach dem Osten hinüber, und mit den hereinbrechenden Fluten des Ozeans zogen ihnen immer andere Völkerschaften nach; sie bevölkerten den Boden des heutigen Europa. So war ein zweifaches Anschauen der Dinge bei diesen Völkerschaften da: die äußere Beobachtung der Sinneswelt, das Zählen, Rechnen, Kombinieren, was dazu führte, daß die heutigen technischen Fortschritte, Maschinen, Verkehrsmittel und so weiter, errungen werden konnten. Im Herzen trugen diese Völker aber noch etwas anderes: die Erinnerung an jene Welten des Geistes, in die sie hineingeschaut hatten, und die Sehnsucht, durch irgendwelche Mittel diese geistigen Welten wieder zu erobern.
[ 7 ] Nun stellen wir uns einmal recht lebhaft diese Vorfahren im alten Europa vor. Nicht gleichzeitig haben sie alle mit dem Herüberwandern die Gabe des alten Hellsehens verloren. Viele, ja zahlreiche Leute, die herübergewandert waren, haben noch vollgültige Reste des alten Hellsehens auch nach Europa mitgebracht. Es gab viele unter diesen Vorfahren, die, wenn sie sich in der Dämmerung des Abends oder in der Nacht still hinsetzten, in ein lebhaftes Träumen versanken, das mehr als das heutige Träumen bedeutete; sie sahen noch hinein in die geistige Welt.
[ 8 ] Noch hatten sich unzählige Menschen nicht nur die Erinnerung daran bewahrt, sondern sogar die Fähigkeit, in gewissen Ausnahmezuständen des Lebens in die geistigen Welten hineinzublicken. Und die anderen, die diese Fähigkeit verloren hatten, hatten dafür eine Eigenschaft, die im Laufe der Entwickelung viel mehr abhanden gekommen ist, als man gewöhnlich denkt: Es gab in alten Zeiten, namentlich in der Bevölkerung Mittel- und Osteuropas, eine Eigenschaft, die weit verbreitet war, in einer Intensität, von der man sich heute keine Vorstellung macht, und das war das Vertrauen, der treue Glaube. Diejenigen, die etwas über die geistigen Welten zu sagen wußten, die fanden Gehör, sie fanden Glauben, weil Liebe und Vertrauen gerade in jenen europäischen Ländern eine große, eine bedeutsame Kraft hatten. Jenes Kritisieren und Pochen auf die eigene Überzeugung, wie man es heute findet, war etwas, woran damals überhaupt kein Mensch dachte. Diese Dinge aber sind es, die es heute notwendig machen, daß ein jeder selber zur geistigen Welt geführt wird. Das war in jener Zeit wegen des starken, großen Vertrauens nicht notwendig. Wenn wir die alte Bevölkerung Europas überblicken, sehen wir auf dem Grunde der Seelen dieser Leute, daß sie ein volles Bewußtsein hatten von den hinter der sinnlichen Welt stehenden geistigen Welten.
[ 9 ] Und nun wollen wir uns einmal das Werden der neuen Anschauung des nun durch seine Sinne zu den Gegenständen hinblickenden Menschen klarmachen. Ich habe schon angedeutet, daß bei jenem kleinen Häuflein im Norden, in der Nähe des heutigen Irland, ein Ereignis eintrat, durch welches das Rechnen, das Zählen und Kombinieren eine Fähigkeit des Menschen geworden ist. Ich habe schon früher angedeutet, daß dazumal des Menschen Ätherkopf hineingerückt ist in den physischen Kopf. Während früher der Teil des Ätherkopfes in der Nähe der Augenbrauen außerhalb des physischen Gehirnes war, rückte er jetzt hinein, und beide wurden eine
[ 10 ] Einheit. Dadurch erlangte der Mensch die Fähigkeit des Selbstbewußtseins, des Ichbewußtseins, er erlangte die Fähigkeit, zu urteilen und hinzuschauen zu den Gegenständen. Der Ätherkopf, der heute mit der Form des physischen Kopfes zusammenfällt, stand bei den alten Atlantiern weit vor der Stirn hervor, daher ihr Hineinsehen in die geistige Welt, ihr Hellsehen. Nun versetzen wir uns einmal in die Seele der atlantischen Bevölkerung, versetzen wir uns in jene alten Zeiten, wo die Menschen noch ihren Ätherkopf weit außerhalb ihres physischen Kopfes hatten, und versetzen wir uns dann in jene Zeiten gegen Ende der Atlantis, wo die beiden schon zusammengefallen waren. Der Atlantier konnte schauen, wie der Ätherkopf nach und nach hineinrückte, er war ja noch hellsehend, er sah das. Wie sah er nun dieses Hineinrücken des Ätherkopfes in den physischen Kopf? Als etwas ganz besonderes kam dem Atlantier dieses Hineinrücken des Ätherkopfes vor. Das wollen wir uns einmal vor die Seele rücken; ich will es Ihnen beschreiben.
[ 11 ] Woher, fragte sich der Atlantier, kommen denn die Kräfte, die mir jetzt zuteil werden? - Vorher hatte der Mensch um sich herum eine geistige Welt gesehen. Was zeigte ihm diese geistige Welt um ihn herum? Machen Sie sich das einmal ganz klar. Wenn Sie jetzt plötzlich hellsehend werden könnten, bis zu dem Grade, wie es der Atlantier war, was würde da in Ihrer Seele vorgehen? Sie würden geistige Wesenheiten um sich herum sehen. Die physische Welt würde sich bevölkern mit Wesenheiten des astralischen, des geistigen Planes, und die würden Sie sehen. Woher würde das kommen? Durch Ihre eigenen Fähigkeiten, die jetzt in Ihrer Seele schlummern, die Sie dann aber entwickelt hätten. Es würde Ihnen so erscheinen, wie wenn etwas aus Ihnen selbst herausstrahlte. Was heute aus Ihnen herausstrahlt in die Welt, das war ja damals zur Zeit der alten Atlantis erst in Sie hineingestrahlt. Alle Anschauungen, die der Mensch heute sich bilden kann in bloßen Begriffen von der geistigen Welt, das waren zu jener Zeit lebendige Wesenheiten für ihn, und der Atlantier sah, wie etwas hineinzog in ihn und in ihm Fähigkeiten anregte. Er sagte sich: Ich fange an, mit meinen Augen die Dinge zu sehen, mit meinen Ohren Geräusche, Töne zu hören, ich fange an zu sehen, was draußen sinnlich wahrnehmbar ist. - Woher kommen diese Fähigkeiten? Sie strahlten von außen in den Menschen hinein.
[ 12 ] Wir wollen die alte Atlantis noch einmal so recht ins Auge fassen. Das Land war bedeckt mit weiten Wassernebelmassen; diese Wassernebelmassen waren von verschiedener Dichte in der ersten und in der letzten atlantischen Zeit, namentlich waren sie in der Nähe des heutigen Irland anders als in den sonstigen Gegenden. Die Wasserund Nebelmassen waren zuerst warm und heiß. Im südlichen Teil der Atlantis waren sie noch warm, zum Teil heiß, wie warme, heiße Rauchmassen; gegen Norden zu waren sie kälter. Insbesondere gegen das Ende der atlantischen Zeit trat eine mächtige Abkühlung ein. Nun war es gerade diese Abkühlung der Nebelmassen, diese nordische Kälte, welche die neue Anschauung, das neue Seelenleben aus den Menschen herauszauberte. Niemals hätten unter den Gluten der Hitze des Südens der Intellekt, die Urteilskraft zuerst sich in der Menschheit entwickeln können. Der Atlantier in der Nähe Irlands fühlte Fähigkeiten in sich hineinströmen, die ihn so durchdrangen, daß er fähig wurde, mit seinen Sinnesorganen die Dinge draußen zu sehen, zu hören und so weiter. Er empfand das so, daß er es der Abkühlung der Luftmassen zu verdanken hatte.
[ 13 ] Zu dem Wahrnehmen äußerer Gegenstände durch Sinnesorgane gehören Nerven. Zu jedem unserer Sinnesorgane gehen Nerven vom Gehirn aus. Augennerven, Geruchs-, Gehörnerven und so weiter haben wir. Diese Nerven, die heute den Menschen fähig machen, die Sinneseindrücke sich zum Bewußtsein zu bringen, waren untätig, bevor die äußere sinnliche Anschauung der Dinge da war. Sie vermittelten nicht das äußere Anschauen, sie hatten eine innere Aufgabe. Der atlantische Mensch sah damals die Kräfte an sich herankommen, die diese Nerven in ihm zu Sinnesorganen machten. Er empfand diese ganze Situation so, wie wenn in den Kopf von außen hineinfluteten die Strömungen, welche dann seine Nerven im Kopf durchsetzten.
[ 14 ] Nun gibt es unter den Nerven im Kopfe, die dazumal tätig wurden und die wir heute noch anatomisch nachweisen können, zwölf Paare, und zwar zehn Paare, die vom Kopfe ausgehend sich gliedern, um die einzelnen Sinnesorgane in Tätigkeit zu setzen. Wenn Sie zum Beispiel die Augen bewegen, so sind dazu die Augenmuskelnerven da und nicht der Sehnerv. Also zehn Paare, die zu den einzelnen Sinnesorganen gehen, und zwei Paare, die tiefer hinuntergehen und die den Verkehr vermitteln zwischen dem sinnlichen Wahrnehmen und der Gehirntätigkeit. Der Atlantier fühlte zwölf Strömungen in sich hineingehen, in sein Gehirn und hinunter in seinen Leib. Das sah er. Was Sie jetzt als Nerven in sich haben, wurde für sein Wahrnehmen erzeugt durch zwölf in ihn hineingehende Ströme. Wenn nun diesem Umstande, daß die Luft sich abkühlte und das ganze Niflheim ein kaltes Land wurde, die zwölf Nervenstränge verdankt werden, so war doch noch etwas anderes dazu notwendig, um die menschlichen Sinnesorgane zu gestalten. Bevor die menschlichen Sinnesorgane gestaltet waren, hatte auch das Herz noch eine ganz andere Aufgabe. Die Blutzirkulation muß eine andere gewesen sein bei einem Wesen, das sich hellseherisch, geistig die Farben und Töne der Umgebung vor die Seele zaubert, als bei dem atlantischen Menschen, dem die äußere Welt allmählich für die äußeren Sinne wahrnehmbar auftauchte. Diese Umgestaltung des Herzens hat niemals kommen können von den kalten Teilen der Atlantis. Sie mußte dadurch kommen, daß die menschliche Organisation von anderswoher angefacht wurde. Die Umgestaltung des Herzens hat der wärmere, südliche Erdstrich der Atlantis bewirkt.
[ 15 ] Sie müssen sich das so vorstellen, daß beide Strömungen auf den Atlantier eingewirkt haben, die kalten Ströme des Nordens und die warmen Ströme des Südens. Die warmen Ströme haben in das Herz Feuer hineinkommen lassen, sie haben es auflodern lassen zu Enthusiasmus, während der andere Teil der Menschennatur angefacht wurde vom kalten Norden. Die Strömungen, die von Norden kamen, haben des Menschen Stirn [andere Nachschrift: Hirn] so weit umgebildet, daß der Mensch ein Denker, ein sinnlich Anschauender werden konnte. Der Kopf des Atlantiers war ganz anders gebildet als der Kopf des Menschen von heute. Gerade was diese Kräfte der zwölf Ströme des Nordens bewirkt haben, das hat den Menschen zum Denker gemacht. Und die warme Strömung des Südens hat ihm sein Gefühl, seine Empfindungsart und auch seine heutige Sinnlichkeit gegeben. Das, was das Blut dadurch erhielt, strömte in das Herz ein, das dadurch ein ganz anderes Organ geworden ist. Dadurch, daß das Blut, der den Menschen ernährende Saft, die ganze Blutzirkulation, anders geworden ist, mußte auch die äußere Ernährung des Leibes eine andere werden. So können wir sagen: Von zwei Seiten her ist ann dem Menschen gearbeitet worden in jener Zeit. Es ist sein physischer Leib so umgeschaffen worden, daß er auf der einen Seite der Träger des Gehirnes werden konnte, und auf der anderen Seite so, daß der Leib mit dem Blute versorgt worden ist, das dieser umgestaltete Mensch nötig hatte.
[ 16 ] Diese Vorgänge stellten sich der Anschauung des Atlantiers im Bilde dar. In der astralen Anschauung stellt sich ja alles im Bilde dar. Das Einfließen der geistigen Strömungen, die unsere Nerven heranbildeten, stellte sich ihm dar als zwölf aus dem kalten Norden herunterkommende Ströme; und das, was das Herz umbildete, stellte sich ihm dar als das Feuer, das von Süden heraufkam. Das, was den physischen Kopf umbildete zu dem des heutigen anschauenden Menschen, stellte sich ihm dar als das Bild des Urmenschen, und das Ernährende im Menschen stellte sich ihm dar als ein anderes Bild, als das Bild des sich ernährenden Tieres.
[ 17 ] Wie trat nun derjenige vor das Volk hin, der dies alles gesehen hatte? Wie drückte er sich aus? Er drückte sich in Bildern aus. Denn das, was wir jetzt hier gesagt haben, das würden die Leute dazumal nicht verstanden haben. Aber sie hatten sich ja noch ein altes Hellsehen bewahrt; wenn man zu ihnen in Bildern sprach, so konnten sie die großen bedeutsamen Wahrheiten verstehen. Diese Methode wurde auch an den druidischen Schulen ausgeübt. Die alten Priesterweisen sprachen zu dem Volke auf folgende Weise:
[ 18 ] Bevor ihr habt hineinsehen können in diese Welt, die erfüllt ist von Pflanzen und Tieren, von all den Gegenständen, die ihr jetzt draußen unterscheiden könnt, war nichts da als ein finsterer, gähnender Raum, wie ein Abgrund. Ihr sahet die Bilder in den Raum hinein. Aber alles das, was jetzt da ist, ging hervor aus diesem Abgrund, aus Ginnungagap, - das ist das alte germanische Chaos. Nun erzählte man weiter: Von Norden her flossen zwölf Ströme, und von Süden her kamen die Feuerfunken. Dadurch, daß die Feuerfunken des Südens sich verbanden mit den zwölf Strömen des Nordens, entstanden zwei Wesen: der Riese Ymir und die Kuh Audhumbla.
[ 19 ] Was ist nun der Riese Ymir? Ymir ist der denkende Mensch, der entstanden ist, sich herausgebildet hat aus dem Chaos - aus Ginnungagap; und die Kuh Audhumbla ist das neue Ernährende und das neue Herz. In der menschlichen Gestalt sind vereinigt der Riese Ymir und die Kuh Audhumbla.
[ 20 ] Wie müssen wir uns vorstellen, daß der alte Druide, der Priesterweise zu den Menschen sprach? Er hatte die Weisheit, er wußte von dem, was geschehen war. Er sprach zu solchen Menschen, die sich entweder ein altes Hellsehen in Ausnahmemomenten noch erhalten hatten, oder zu solchen, die Vertrauen hatten. Er wußte, er wird verstanden, wenn er den Vorgang der Menschwerdung so erzählt, wie er sich dem astralen Sehen darbietet. Die zwölf Ströme, die aus dem Norden kommen und die zwölf Nervenpaare bilden, verbinden sich mit den Feuerfunken, die aus dem Süden hervorsprühen, die das Herz und das Ernährungssystem bilden. Das sind die beiden Kräfte, die als Riese Ymir und als Kuh Audhumbla sich darstellen wie schön wird das erzählt in der germanischen Genesis! Zwei Welten entstanden - so hören wir -: das kalte Niflheim und das heiße, flammensprühende Muspelheim. Niflheim entläßt die zwölf Ströme, Muspelheim entläßt die Feuerfunken.
[ 21 ] Und jetzt gehen wir ein Stück weiter. Wir wissen, daß damals, in jenem Moment, wo sich der Ätherleib des Kopfes mit dem physischen Kopf vereinigte, das Ich entstand als ein klares, selbstbewußtes Ich. Vorher konnte der Mensch zu sich nicht «Ich» sagen. Der Mensch fühlte sich zwar schon als ein Ich-Wesen, aber es war ihm noch nicht das Ich-Bewußtsein aufgegangen. Mit diesem Ich-Werden zusammen mußte der Mensch erkennen, was sich da umgestaltet und herausgebildet hatte. Er war im höheren Sinne ein Ich geworden.
[ 22 ] Nun betrachten wir das einmal, was alles entstanden war im Menschen. Es war das entstanden, was von den zwölf Strömen kam, das ist das, was seinen Kopf mit den Gehirnnerven durchsetzte. Es war aber auch das entstanden, was seiner Natur nach nicht mit dem Kopf zusammenhängt, dasjenige, was seiner Natur nach abstammt von der Kuh Audhumbla. Diese zwei Naturen haben sich dazumal zusammengefügt; das können Sie förmlich sehen. Versuchen Sie, sich klarzumachen, wie alles, was von den zwölf Strömen des Nordens kam, eingeschlossen ist im Schädel und im Rückenmark. Alles andere ist angesetzt; die Rippen und die darunterliegenden Organe sind das, was von Süden her kam aus den Feuerfunken, die Kuh Audhumbla; es hat sich herausgebildet aus einem ganz anderen Menschheitszustande und angegliedert an das Frühere. Was hat sich da gebildet? Das eine, das sich gebildet hat aus einem ganz anderen Menschheitszustande heraus ist das geschlechtliche Prinzip. Zwar war das Geschlechtsprinzip schon gebildet im alten Lemurien, aber erst mit dem Auftreten des Ich-Bewußtseins ist es dem Menschen auch zum Bewußtsein gekommen. Vor diesem Zeitpunkte war der Mensch mehr oder weniger unbewußt; der Geschlechtsakt ging wie in einem Traumzustande, einem dämmerhaften Zustande vor sich. Das zweite, was dem Menschen gegeben wurde, war die Gestalt des Herzens selber. Und ein drittes, das ihm gegeben wurde, das nach und nach in dieser Zeit sich herausbildete, das war die Sprache. Die Sprache ist auch ein Geschöpf der Atlantis. Ohne die Sprache können Sie sich nicht die Entwickelung des Denkens, der höheren Geistigkeit vorstellen. Und auch ohne das umgestaltete Herz und ohne das veränderte, das bewußte geschlechtliche Prinzip können Sie sich dies nicht vorstellen. So erscheint der Mensch merkwürdig gegliedert. Sein Denken, sein äußeres Anschauen sind eingegliedert worden seinem Kopfe. Beigegeben ist diesem ein dreifaches: das bewußte Geschlechtsprinzip, das bewußte Herzprinzip und die bewußte Sprache, die der Ausdruck seiner inneren Wesenheit ist.
[ 23 ] Machen wir uns nun gegenwärtig, wie sich dies der astralen Anschauung darstellt. Der astrale Seher sieht dies wiederum in einem Bilde, wie ein Baum stellt es sich ihm dar, ein Baum, der drei Wurzeln hat. Die eine Wurzel ist die Geschlechtlichkeit, die zweite ist das Herz und die dritte die Sprache. Diese drei Wurzeln sind in Korrespondenz mit dem Geistigen, dem Kopfe. Fortwährend gehen Nervenströmungen hin und her. Der Hellseher kann das so sehen, wie wenn ein Wesen fortwährend von unten nach oben und von oben nach unten läuft. Es erscheint so, wie wenn das Obere, das Geistige, fortwährend bekämpft würde durch das, was von unten kommt. Es widerstreiten sich diese beiden Strömungen. Der Mensch würde niemals in seinen unteren Gliedern leben können, ohne durch die vom Kopf kommenden zwölf Nervenströme befruchtet zu werden. Im Blute tropfen die geistigen Ernährungssäfte von oben nach unten. So sieht der Hellseher im Bilde das Werden des neuen Menschen, wie es sich in der letzten Zeit der atlantischen Epoche vorbereitet hat für die nachatlantische Zeit.
[ 24 ] Der alte Druidenweise mußte so sprechen, daß er den Menschen sagte: So sieht man die Sache. - Die Menschen hatten ja noch das astrale Hellsehen, und so konnte er ihnen noch schildern, was er auf dem astralen Plane sah. Daher lehrte er: Was im Menschen entstanden ist und heute in ihm lebt - die Ich-Persönlichkeit -, entspringt aus drei Quellen. Das Ich, das früher schon da war, aber jetzt erst zum Bewußtsein gekommen ist, stammt aus Niflheim. Es ist aber eine Schlange da, die fortwährend an der Wurzel nagt, die aus dieser Quelle stammt, Niddhögr ist ihr Name. Hellseherisch kann man tatsächlich diese Schlange nagen sehen. Die Ausschreitungen des Geschlechtsprinzipes, das nicht im Zaume gehalten wird, nagen an dieser Wurzel des Menschen.
[ 25 ] Die zweite Wurzel ist das Herz. Aus ihm stammt das neue Leben des Menschen. Alles, was der Mensch tut, tut er unter dem Antrieb des Herzens. Er fühlt, was ihn glücklich oder unglücklich macht. Er fühlt die Gegenwart, er fühlt aber auch dasjenige, mit dem er in die Zukunft hineinwächst; das eigentliche Schicksal des Menschen wird vom Herzen empfunden. Darum sagten die Priesterweisen: An der Quelle, aus der diese Wurzel stammt, sitzen drei Nornen und spinnen die Fäden des Schicksals. Die Nornen sind Urd, die Herrin des Vergangenen, Verdhandi, die um die Gegenwart, um das Seiende und Werdende weiß, und Skuld, die kennt, was in der Zukunft sein soll. «Skuld» ist dasselbe Wort wie «Schuld». Die Zukunft entsteht dadurch, daß aus der Gegenwart etwas weiter hinausgeht, das abgetragen werden muß.
[ 26 ] An der dritten Wurzel ist Mimirs Quelle, Mimir, der den Weisheitstrank trinkt. Das ist dasjenige, was sich als Sprache ausdrückt. Und oben ragen die Wipfel des Baumes ins Geisterland hinein, und aus dem Geistigen herunter kommen Tropfen des befruchtenden Nervenfluidums. Das drückten die Priesterweisen so aus, daß sie sagten: Da oben in den Wipfeln der Weltesche weidet eine Ziege, von deren Geweih es fortwährend heruntertropft. - So wird das Untere fortwährend von dem Oberen befruchtet. Und ein Eichhörnchen läuft von oben nach unten und von unten nach oben und trägt Zankesworte hin und her: der Kampf der niederen gegen die höhere Natur.
[ 27 ] So stellt es die germanische Sage dar. Sie sagt: Der neue Mensch in der neuen Welt gleicht einem Baum, einer Esche, die drei Wurzeln hat. Die erste Wurzel geht nach Niflheim, in das eiskalte düstere Urland. Inmitten von Niflheim war der unausschöpfliche Brunnen Hwergelmir; zwölf Ströme entsprangen aus ihm, sie flossen durch die ganze Welt. Die zweite Wurzel ging zum Brunnen der Nornen Urd, Verdhandi und Skuld; sie saßen an seinen Ufern und spannen die Fäden des Schicksals. Die dritte Wurzel ging zu Mimirs Brunnen. Yggdrasil nannte man die Weltesche, in der sich die Weltenkräfte zusammengezogen hatten. Ein Mensch wird abgebildet in dem Moment, wo er sich seines Ich bewußt werden soll, wo aus seinem Innern heraustönen soll das Wort «Ich». «Yggdrasil» ist soviel wie «Ich-Träger». Ich-Träger ist dieser Baum. «Ygg» ist «Ich» und «drasil» ist derselbe Wortstamm wie «tragen».
[ 28 ] Nun versuchen Sie einmal, sich zu vergegenwärtigen, was alles für gelehrte und ungelehrte, für geistreiche und ungeistreiche Erklärungen zu dieser germanischen Mythe gegeben worden sind. Alle diese Erklärungen haben für den Okkultismus keinen Wert. Denn für den Okkultisten gilt der Satz, daß alles, was Zeichen sind - und auch eine Erzählung ist Zeichen -, eine reale Wirklichkeit hat in der geistigen Welt; und erst, wenn wir wissen, was einem solchen Zeichen in der geistigen Welt entspricht, erst dann erkennen wir die wahre Bedeutung der Zeichen und Mythen. Niemand kann die Kräfte für die menschliche Entwickelung, die in den alten nordischen Mythen liegen, heben und anwenden, der sich nicht in dieser Weise dem tieferen Sinn dieser Mythen nähert. Gerade durch den Okkultismus erringen wir uns die Erkenntnisse der Welt und des Menschen, die von den alten Druiden hineingelegt worden sind in die Bilder der germanischen Mythe, nicht etwa, weil sie aus einer blühenden Phantasie heraus Bilder erfinden wollten, sondern weil sie diese Bilder schauten. Kein Zeichen hat eine Berechtigung im Okkultismus, das nicht in den höheren Welten geschaut werden kann. Die alten Sagen und Mythen sind Zeichen in der physischen Welt für eine höhere Wirklichkeit. Sie sind eine Schrift, die wunderbar verzeichnet die vergangenen Zeiten. Wenn wir diese Schrift lesen können, dann blicken wir tief hinein in die Vorzeit, und zu gleicher Zeit befruchtet uns die Mythe selber.
[ 29 ] Erkennen wir die Mythen in dieser Weise, so erkennen wir viel tiefer als die abstrakte Wissenschaft. Die Wissenschaft kann uns die zwölf Paar Nervenstränge zeigen; der Okkultist macht die Entstehung und den ganzen Weltenzusammenhang erkennbar. Was ist der Mensch? Ein Symbolum des Geistes, denn er ist herausgeboren aus der geistigen Welt. Er ist eine Zusammensetzung geistiger Kräfte. Erkennt sich der Mensch recht, so erkennt er sich selbst als ein Symbolum für das in ihm liegende Ewige. Dies wollen wir mitnehmen und heute in acht Tagen die Betrachtungen fortsetzen. Wir wollen darüber nachdenken im Sinne des Goetheschen Wortes «Alles Vergängliche ist nur ein Gleichnis». Der Mensch selbst ist ein Gleichnis für das unvergängliche Geistige im Vergänglichen. Wenn der Mensch dies erkennt, geht ihm die Erkenntnis auf für seinen eigenen geistigen unvergänglichen, ewigen Wesenskern.
[ 1 ] In this and the following hours, we want to look at what could be called occult or mystical symbols in their relationship to the astral and spiritual world. Again and again, these and those signs, symbols, and stories appear before you; and now those who are materialistic-minded come and say that it is all fiction. It is assumed to be somehow borrowed from popular fantasy and regarded only as an empty fantasy. Or the well-meaning come and speculate about what the pentagram and other symbols mean. At our congress in Munich, we even used signs and symbols to decorate our hall, thus indicating that we attach a certain importance to occult signs. But the true occultist does not speculate about this, but seeks the real facts. You can never arrive at the meaning of an occult sign through philosophical speculation, and much of what is said and written about occult signs and their meaning is written in vain because it is based only on speculation, on more or less ingenious reflection. But these occult signs are important to us because they are something like instruments through which we can ascend into the higher worlds.
[ 2 ] We have already heard a great deal about the meaning of important symbols, for example about the symbolic that refers to the number 666, and we have been able to delve deeply into the religious document of the Apocalypse. Today we will deal with something completely different from the symbolism. These are symbols that have often come before your soul, which we now want to get to know in terms of their origin and their real value. Before we move on to discussing these symbols, we need to do a preliminary examination of the human being. You will soon see why something seemingly completely unrelated is cited to explain certain signs and symbols.
[ 3 ] We go back to the time of our human development, which you all know from previous lectures. You know that our present time was preceded by a time that we call the Atlantic time. Where the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean is now, between America and Europe, was land in primeval times, while our areas were largely covered by water masses. Our ancestors lived in this country. In truth, most of the European population does not come from the east, but from the west, and are the descendants of the Atlantic population. From that land, the ancient Atlantis, where our ancestors and we ourselves lived in previous incarnations, they migrated far eastward when the floods that now form the Atlantic Ocean engulfed this former continent.
[ 4 ] During the last third of the Atlantean era, a small group of people in the northeast - in the area of present-day Ireland - stood out from the population as the most advanced at the time. The entire Atlantic land was covered with heavy, dense fog masses and is therefore called “Niflheim” in the memory of the Germanic peoples. In these ancient times, when the air was constantly impregnated with dense masses of water, the soul life was also quite different. There was still an old clairvoyance; people at that time looked into the spiritual world. When they approached a person, they saw certain color phenomena arise before their soul that told them whether they liked this person or not. It was the same with animals; when they approached an animal, they could see whether it would harm them or not. So primitive clairvoyance was present to a certain extent in the Atlantic period.
[ 5 ] Mankind now passed through various stages of development; it could not remain with that old dull clairvoyance; today's way of perceiving through the senses had to emerge. For a time, clairvoyance had to take a back seat, but in the future it will be reclaimed and added to the present-day clear consciousness. What people have today as the basis of our external culture, the use of reason, the intellect, was not inherent in the ancient Atlantean clairvoyants; it had to be conquered first. Man had to turn his eyes and ears, his sense organs, outwards; the inner spiritual eye receded for a time. When our ancestors from ancient Atlantis migrated eastwards, this event was simultaneously associated with the loss of the old clairvoyance and with the attainment of external sensory perception, with the attainment of abilities such as counting, calculating and judging.
[ 6 ] The ability to count, calculate and so on was first developed by that small group near present-day Ireland. These people first migrated eastward, and other peoples followed them, drawn by the incoming ocean tides; they populated the Thus there was a twofold way of looking at things in these peoples: the external observation of the world of the senses, counting, calculating, combining, which led to the fact that today's technical advances, machines, means of transport and so on, could be achieved. But in their hearts these peoples still carried something else: the memory of those worlds of the spirit into which they had glimpsed, and the longing to conquer these spiritual worlds again by some means.
[ 7 ] Now let us vividly imagine these ancestors in ancient Europe. They did not all lose the gift of ancient clairvoyance at the same time as migrating. Many, indeed numerous people who had migrated over had also brought full remnants of the old clairvoyance with them to Europe. There were many among these ancestors who, when they sat down quietly in the twilight of the evening or at night, sank into a vivid dreaming that meant more than today's dreaming; they still saw into the spiritual world.
[ 8 ] Innumerable people had not only retained the memory of it, but even the ability to look into the spiritual worlds in certain exceptional circumstances in life. And those who had lost this ability had instead a quality that has been lost much more in the course of evolution than one usually thinks: In ancient times, especially among the population of Central and Eastern Europe, there was a quality that was widespread to an intensity that one cannot imagine today, and that was trust, faithful belief. Those who knew something about the spiritual worlds were listened to, they were believed, because love and trust had a great, significant power in those European countries. The kind of criticizing and insisting on one's own conviction that is found today was something that no one thought of at all back then. But these are the things that make it necessary today for everyone to be guided to the spiritual world themselves. Because of their great and strong trust, this was not necessary at that time. If we look at the old inhabitants of Europe, we see that at the bottom of their souls they had a full consciousness of the spiritual worlds behind the material world.
[ 9 ] And now let us try to understand how the new view of the world came about in people who were now looking at objects through their senses. I have already indicated that an event occurred among that small group in the north, near present-day Ireland, as a result of which calculating, counting and combining became abilities of man. I have already indicated that in those days man's etheric head entered into his physical head. Whereas formerly the part of the etheric head near the eyebrows was outside the physical brain, it now entered into it, and the two became a
[ 10 ] single unit. Thereby man acquired the faculty of self-consciousness, of ego-consciousness; he acquired the faculty of judging and of looking at objects. The etheric head, which today coincides with the form of the physical head, was far in front of the forehead in the ancient Atlanteans, hence their insight into the spiritual world, their clairvoyance. Now let us put ourselves in the shoes of the Atlantean population, let us imagine the old days when people still had their ether head far outside their physical head, and then let us imagine the times towards the end of Atlantis, when the two had already merged. The Atlantean could see how the etheric head gradually moved in; he was still clairvoyant, he saw that. How did he see this moving of the etheric head into the physical head? The Atlantean experienced this moving of the etheric head as something very special. Let us visualize this; I will describe it to you.
[ 11 ] Where, the Atlantean wondered, do the powers that are now being bestowed upon me come from? Before, the human being had seen a spiritual world around him. What did this spiritual world around him show him? Think about that very clearly. If you were suddenly able to see clairvoyantly, to the same degree as the Atlanteans, what would happen in your soul? You would see spiritual beings around you. The physical world would be populated with beings from the astral and spiritual planes, and they would see you. Where would that come from? Through your own abilities, which are now dormant in your soul but which you would then have developed. It would appear to you as if something were radiating out of yourself. What radiates out of you into the world today was only radiated into you at the time of ancient Atlantis. All the views that man can form today in mere concepts of the spiritual world were living entities for him at that time, and the Atlantean saw how something moved into him and stimulated abilities in him. He said to himself: “I am beginning to see things with my eyes, to hear sounds and tones with my ears; I am beginning to see what is perceptible to the senses outside.” Where do these abilities come from? They radiated into man from the outside.
[ 12 ] Let us take another good look at ancient Atlantis. The land was covered with vast watery mists; these watery mists were of varying density in the first and last Atlantean periods, namely, they were different near present-day Ireland than in the other areas. The water and fog masses were warm and hot at first. In the southern part of Atlantis they were still warm, partly hot, like warm, hot smoke masses; towards the north they were colder. Particularly towards the end of the Atlantic period, a mighty cooling occurred. Now it was precisely this cooling of the fog masses, this Nordic cold, which conjured the new view, the new soul life out of people. Under the blazing heat of the south, the intellect and the power of judgment could never have developed first in humanity. The Atlanteans near Ireland felt abilities flowing into them that permeated them so that they became able to see and hear things outside with their sense organs and so on. They felt that they had the cooling of the air masses to thank for this.
[ 13 ] Nerves are needed for the sensory organs to perceive external objects. Nerves extend from the brain to each of our sensory organs. We have eye nerves, olfactory nerves, auditory nerves, and so on. These nerves, which today enable people to bring sensory impressions to consciousness, were inactive before the external sensory perception of things existed. They did not mediate external perception; they had an inner task. The Atlantean human being saw the forces approaching, which transformed these nerves into sensory organs. He felt this whole situation as if currents were flowing into his head from the outside, which then permeated his nerves in the head.
[ 14 ] Now, among the nerves in the head that were active at that time and that we can still prove anatomically today, there are twelve pairs, ten pairs that branch out from the head to set the individual sensory organs in motion. For example, when you move your eyes, it is the eye muscle nerves that do so, not the optic nerve. So there are ten pairs that go to the individual sensory organs, and two pairs that go deeper and mediate the traffic between sensory perception and brain activity. The Atlantean felt twelve currents going into him, into his brain and down into his body. That is what he saw. What you now have in you as nerves was created for his perception by twelve currents going into him. If the fact that the air cooled down and the whole Niflheim became a cold land is due to the twelve nerve cords, something else was needed to form the human sensory organs. Before the human sensory organs were formed, the heart also had a completely different task. The blood circulation must have been different in a being who conjures up the colors and sounds of the environment in front of his soul through clairvoyance than in the Atlantean human, for whom the external world gradually emerged perceptibly for the external senses. This transformation of the heart could never have come from the cold parts of Atlantis. It had to come about through the human organization being kindled from elsewhere. The transformation of the heart was brought about by the warmer, southern clime of Atlantis.
[ 15 ] You have to imagine it so that both currents have affected the Atlanteans, the cold currents of the north and the warm currents of the south. The warm currents have let fire come into the heart, they have made it flare up into enthusiasm, while the other part of the human nature was fanned by the cold north. The currents coming from the north reshaped man's forehead [other postscript: brain] to such an extent that man could become a thinker, a contemplative. The head of the Atlantean was formed quite differently than the head of man today. It is precisely what these forces of the twelve currents of the north have brought about that has made man a thinker. And the warm current of the south gave him his feeling, his way of feeling and also his present sensuality. What the blood received as a result flowed into the heart, which thereby became a completely different organ. The fact that the blood, the juice that nourishes the human being, the whole blood circulation, has changed, meant that the body's external nutrition also had to change. Thus we can say: During that time, man was worked on from two sides. His physical body was so transformed that on the one hand it could become the carrier of the brain, and on the other hand, so that the body was supplied with the blood that this transformed human being needed.
[ 16 ] These processes presented themselves to the Atlantean's view in the form of an image. In the astral vision, everything presents itself in the form of an image. The inflow of spiritual currents that trained our nerves presented itself to him as twelve streams coming down from the cold north; and that which transformed the heart presented itself to him as the fire that came up from the south. That which remodeled the physical head into that of today's contemplative man presented itself to him as the image of the primeval man, and the nourishing in man presented itself to him as another image, as the image of the feeding animal.
[ 17 ] How did he who had seen all this appear before the people? How did he express himself? He expressed himself in images. For what we have said here would not have been understood by the people of that time. But they had still retained an ancient clairvoyance; if one spoke to them in images, they could understand the great and significant truths. This method was also practiced in the Druidic schools. The ancient wise priests spoke to the people in the following way:
[ 18 ] Before you could see into this world, which is full of plants and animals, of all the objects that you can now distinguish outside, there was nothing but a dark, yawning space, like an abyss. You saw the images in the space. But everything that is there now emerged from this abyss, from Ginnungagap, - that is the old Germanic chaos. Now it was told: From the north flowed twelve streams, and from the south came the sparks of fire. When the sparks of fire from the south combined with the twelve streams from the north, two beings were created: the giant Ymir and the cow Audhumbla.
[ 19 ] What then is the giant Ymir? Ymir is the thinking human being who has emerged, who has formed out of chaos - out of Ginnungagap; and the cow Audhumbla is the new nourishment and the new heart. In the human form, the giant Ymir and the cow Audhumbla are united.
[ 20 ] How should we imagine the ancient Druid, the priest-sage, speaking to people? He had the wisdom, he knew about what had happened. He spoke to people who either still had an ancient clairvoyance in exceptional moments or to those who had trust. He knew he would be understood if he told the story of the process of human evolution as it presents itself to astral vision. The twelve currents that come from the north and form the twelve pairs of nerves connect with the sparks of fire that spurt out of the south, forming the heart and the nutritional system. These are the two forces that present themselves as the giant Ymir and the cow Audhumbla. How beautifully this is told in the Germanic Genesis! Two worlds came into being, we hear: the cold Niflheim and the hot, flame-spraying Muspelheim. Niflheim releases the twelve currents, Muspelheim releases the sparks of fire.
[ 21 ] And now let us go a little further. We know that at that time, at that moment when the etheric body of the head united with the physical head, the I arose as a clear, self-conscious I. Before that, the human being could not say “I” to himself. The human being already felt himself to be an I-being, but I-consciousness had not yet dawned on him. Together with this becoming I, the human being had to recognize what had been transformed and formed. He had become an I in the higher sense.
[ 22 ] Now let us consider what had emerged in the human being. What had come from the twelve currents had emerged, that is, that which permeated his head with the brain nerves. But what had also emerged was that which, by its nature, is not connected to the head, that which, by its nature, descends from the cow Audhumbla. These two natures joined together at that time; you can literally see that. Try to realize how everything that came from the twelve currents of the north is enclosed in the skull and spinal cord. Everything else is added on; the ribs and the organs underneath them are what came from the south, from the fire sparks, the cow Audhumbla; it has developed from a completely different state of humanity and has been added to what came earlier. What has developed there? The first thing that was formed out of a completely different state of humanity is the sexual principle. Although the sexual principle was already formed in ancient Lemuria, it was only with the appearance of I-consciousness that man became aware of it. Before that point, man was more or less unconscious; the sexual act took place as if in a dream, a twilight state. The second thing that was given to man was the shape of the heart itself. And a third thing that was given to him, which gradually developed during this time, was language. Language is also a creature of Atlantis. Without language, you cannot imagine the development of thinking, of higher spirituality. And you cannot imagine this either without the transformed heart and without the changed, conscious sexual principle. Thus man appears strangely structured. His thinking and his outer vision have been incorporated into his head. This is accompanied by a threefold consciousness: the conscious sexual principle, the conscious heart principle and the conscious language, which is the expression of his inner being.
[ 23 ] Let us now consider how this presents itself to the astral view. The astral seer sees this again in an image, like a tree it presents itself to him, a tree that has three roots. The one root is sexuality, the second is the heart and the third is language. These three roots are in correspondence with the spiritual, the head. Nerve currents are constantly going back and forth. The clairvoyant can see this as if a being were constantly running from bottom to top and from top to bottom. It appears as if the upper, the spiritual, is constantly being fought by what comes from below. These two currents are in conflict with each other. Man would never be able to live in his lower limbs without being stimulated by the twelve nerve currents coming from the head. In the blood the spiritual nourishing juices drip from top to bottom. Thus the clairvoyant sees in pictures the becoming of the new man, as it has been preparing in the last days of the Atlantean epoch for the post-Atlantean time.
[ 24 ] The old Druid sage had to speak in such a way that he told people: This is how you see things. After all, people still had astral clairvoyance, and so he was still able to describe to them what he saw on the astral plane. Therefore, he taught: What has arisen in man and lives in him today - the ego-personality - arises from three sources. The I, which was there earlier but has only now come to consciousness, comes from Niflheim. But there is a snake that continually gnaws at the root that comes from this source; Niddhögr is its name. Clairvoyantly, one can actually see this snake gnawing. The excesses of the sexual principle, if not kept in check, gnaw at this root of man.
[ 25 ] The second root is the heart. From it comes the new life of man. Everything man does, he does under the impulse of the heart. He feels what makes him happy or unhappy. He feels the present, but he also feels that with which he grows into the future; man's actual destiny is felt by the heart. That is why the priestly sages said: At the source from which this root originates, three Norns sit and spin the threads of fate. The Norns are Urd, the mistress of the past, Verdhandi, who knows about the present, about that which exists and comes into being, and Skuld, who knows what is to be in the future. “Skuld“ is the same word as ‘guilt’. The future comes about through something emerging from the present that must be borne.
[ 26 ] The third root is Mimir's source, Mimir, who drinks the potion of wisdom. This is that which expresses itself as language. And above, the treetops of the tree reach into the spirit world, and from the spiritual world, drops of fertilizing nerve fluid come down. The priest-sages expressed this by saying: Up there in the treetops of the world ash, a goat grazes, from whose antlers it constantly drips down. - Thus the lower is constantly fertilized by the upper. And a squirrel runs from top to bottom and from bottom to top, carrying words of discord back and forth: the struggle of the lower nature against the higher.
[ 27 ] This is how the Germanic saga presents it. It says: The new man in the new world resembles a tree, an ash tree that has three roots. The first root goes to Niflheim, the ice-cold, gloomy primeval land. In the middle of Niflheim was the bottomless well Hwergelmir; twelve streams sprang from it, flowing through the whole world. The second root went to the well of the Norns Urd, Verdhandi and Skuld; they sat on its banks and spun the threads of fate. The third root went to Mimir's well. Yggdrasil was the name given to the world ash tree, in which the world forces had been drawn together. A person is depicted at the moment when he is to become aware of himself, when the word “I” is to sound from within him. “Yggdrasil” means “I-bearer”. This tree is the carrier of the ego. “Ygg” is “I” and “drasil” is the same root as “to bear”.
[ 28 ] Now try to imagine all the learned and unlearned, the witty and unwittery explanations that have been given to this Germanic myth. All these explanations are of no value for occultism. For the occultist, the sentence applies that everything that is a sign – and a narrative is also a sign – has a real reality in the spiritual world; and only when we know what corresponds to such a sign in the spiritual world do we recognize the true meaning of the signs and myths. No one can grasp and apply the forces for human development that lie in the old Nordic myths without approaching the deeper meaning of these myths in this way. It is through occultism that we gain the knowledge of the world and of man that the ancient Druids placed in the images of Germanic myth, not because they wanted to invent images out of a fertile imagination, but because they beheld these images. No symbol has a right to exist in occultism that cannot be seen in the higher worlds. The old legends and myths are symbols in the physical world for a higher reality. They are a script that wonderfully records the times gone by. When we can read this script, we can look deep into the past, and at the same time the myths themselves inspire us.
[ 29 ] If we recognize myths in this way, we recognize much more deeply than abstract science. Science can show us the twelve pairs of nerve cords; the occultist makes the origin and the whole world context recognizable. What is man? A symbol of the spirit, for he is born out of the spiritual world. He is a composition of spiritual forces. If a person recognizes himself correctly, he recognizes himself as a symbol for the eternal within him. Let us take this with us and continue our reflections in a week's time. We want to reflect on it in the sense of Goethe's words “Everything that is transitory is only a parable”. Man himself is a parable for the immortal spiritual within the perishable. When man recognizes this, he comes to understand his own spiritual, immortal, eternal essence.